𝐁𝐚𝐭𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐲 𝐒𝐮𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐜𝐚𝐩𝐚𝐜𝐢𝐭𝐨𝐫 𝐄𝐧𝐞𝐫𝐠𝐲 𝐌𝐚𝐧𝐚𝐠𝐞𝐦𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐒𝐲𝐬𝐭𝐞𝐦 𝐟𝐨𝐫 𝐄𝐥𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐫𝐢𝐜 𝐕𝐞𝐡𝐢𝐜𝐥𝐞 𝐢𝐧 𝐌𝐀𝐓𝐋𝐀𝐁

𝐁𝐚𝐭𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐲 𝐒𝐮𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐜𝐚𝐩𝐚𝐜𝐢𝐭𝐨𝐫 𝐄𝐧𝐞𝐫𝐠𝐲 𝐌𝐚𝐧𝐚𝐠𝐞𝐦𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐒𝐲𝐬𝐭𝐞𝐦 𝐟𝐨𝐫 𝐄𝐥𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐫𝐢𝐜 𝐕𝐞𝐡𝐢𝐜𝐥𝐞 𝐢𝐧 𝐌𝐀𝐓𝐋𝐀𝐁

Electric vehicles require an efficient energy management system to handle different driving conditions such as 𝐚𝐜𝐜𝐞𝐥𝐞𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧, 𝐝𝐞𝐜𝐞𝐥𝐞𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧, and changing load demand.

This MATLAB simulation explains how a 𝐁𝐚𝐭𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐲 𝐒𝐮𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐜𝐚𝐩𝐚𝐜𝐢𝐭𝐨𝐫 𝐄𝐧𝐞𝐫𝐠𝐲 𝐌𝐚𝐧𝐚𝐠𝐞𝐦𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐒𝐲𝐬𝐭𝐞𝐦 𝐟𝐨𝐫 𝐄𝐥𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐫𝐢𝐜 𝐕𝐞𝐡𝐢𝐜𝐥𝐞 work together to supply power to an electric vehicle. The battery provides the major energy demand, while the supercapacitor supports fast transient power during sudden speed changes.

The model is useful for understanding 𝐄𝐕 𝐩𝐨𝐰𝐞𝐫 𝐬𝐡𝐚𝐫𝐢𝐧𝐠, 𝐛𝐢𝐝𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐚𝐥 𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐯𝐞𝐫𝐭𝐞𝐫 𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐨𝐥, 𝐫𝐞𝐠𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐯𝐞 𝐨𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧, and battery SOC behavior.

𝐒𝐲𝐬𝐭𝐞𝐦 𝐎𝐯𝐞𝐫𝐯𝐢𝐞𝐰

The simulation model includes a drive cycle, electric vehicle dynamics, battery, supercapacitor, and bidirectional DC-DC converter.

The selected drive cycle provides vehicle speed in kilometer per hour. This speed is converted and processed through the EV dynamic model to calculate the required EV power demand.

The battery and supercapacitor are connected through a 𝐛𝐢𝐝𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐚𝐥 𝐃𝐂-𝐃𝐂 𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐯𝐞𝐫𝐭𝐞𝐫. The battery is connected to the high-voltage side, while the supercapacitor is connected to the low-voltage side.

𝐒. 𝐍𝐨.	𝐏𝐚𝐫𝐚𝐦𝐞𝐭𝐞𝐫	𝐕𝐚𝐥𝐮𝐞 / 𝐃𝐞𝐭𝐚𝐢𝐥
01	EV Energy Sources	Battery and Supercapacitor
02	Selected Drive Cycle	FTP 755
03	Available Drive Cycle	Wide Open Throttle
04	Battery Voltage	345 V
05	Battery Capacity	246 Ah
06	Initial Battery SOC	90%
07	Supercapacitor Rated Voltage	240 V
08	Supercapacitor Initial Voltage	260 V
09	Supercapacitor Capacitance	15 F
10	Equivalent Resistance	150 mΩ
11	Series Capacitors	108
12	Operating Temperature	25°C
13	Converter Type	Bidirectional DC-DC Converter

𝐖𝐨𝐫𝐤𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐏𝐫𝐨𝐜𝐞𝐬𝐬

The working process starts from the drive cycle. The selected FTP 755 drive cycle generates the velocity reference for the electric vehicle.

The EV dynamic model converts the velocity demand into power demand. Then, the demand current is calculated using the EV power demand and battery voltage.

The main working flow is:

1. Drive cycle generates EV speed input

2. EV dynamics calculate required power demand

3. Power demand is converted into demand current

4. Battery supplies the major EV demand

5. Supercapacitor supports transient demand

6. Bidirectional converter controls supercapacitor current

7. During acceleration, supercapacitor supplies extra power

8. During deceleration, supercapacitor absorbs regenerative power

9. Battery SOC, voltage, current, and power are observed

10. Supercapacitor voltage, current, and power response are analyzed

𝐂𝐨𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐨𝐥 𝐒𝐭𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐠𝐲

The energy management strategy is mainly focused on proper power sharing between the battery and supercapacitor.

The battery handles the average EV power demand. The supercapacitor is used for 𝐡𝐢𝐠𝐡-𝐟𝐫𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐲 𝐭𝐫𝐚𝐧𝐬𝐢𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐩𝐨𝐰𝐞𝐫 during sudden acceleration and deceleration.

A 𝐥𝐨𝐰 𝐩𝐚𝐬𝐬 𝐟𝐢𝐥𝐭𝐞𝐫 is used to separate the transient power component. This transient power is assigned to the supercapacitor.

The PI controller processes the current error and generates the duty cycle for the bidirectional converter. The pulse generator then produces switching pulses for converter operation.

𝐂𝐨𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐨𝐥 𝐏𝐚𝐫𝐭	𝐅𝐮𝐧𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧
Low Pass Filter	Separates transient power demand
PI Controller	Generates duty cycle
Pulse Generator	Produces converter switching pulses
Bidirectional Converter	Controls supercapacitor charging and discharging
Supercapacitor	Supports acceleration and absorbs regenerative power

𝐒𝐢𝐦𝐮𝐥𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐑𝐞𝐬𝐮𝐥𝐭𝐬

The simulation results show effective power sharing between the battery and supercapacitor.

The battery supplies most of the EV load demand. The supercapacitor assists only during fast transient conditions such as sudden acceleration and deceleration.

During acceleration, the supercapacitor current becomes positive and supplies additional power to support the EV. During deceleration, the current becomes negative, indicating regenerative charging of the supercapacitor.

The observed results include:

1. EV load power

2. Battery power

3. Supercapacitor power

4. Battery voltage

5. Battery current

6. Battery SOC

7. Supercapacitor voltage

8. Supercapacitor current

9. Velocity response from drive cycle

10. Acceleration and deceleration power sharing

𝐎𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐂𝐨𝐧𝐝𝐢𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧	𝐁𝐚𝐭𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐲 𝐑𝐨𝐥𝐞	𝐒𝐮𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐜𝐚𝐩𝐚𝐜𝐢𝐭𝐨𝐫 𝐑𝐨𝐥𝐞
Normal Driving	Supplies major EV demand	Near zero or low contribution
Acceleration	Supplies main power	Supports transient power
Deceleration	Voltage may increase slightly	Absorbs regenerative power
High Transient Demand	Shares demand with supercapacitor	Provides fast response
Regenerative Condition	Receives indirect effect through DC link	Charges for short duration

𝐊𝐞𝐲 𝐅𝐞𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞𝐬

1. MATLAB-based EV energy management simulation

2. Battery and supercapacitor hybrid energy storage

3. FTP 755 drive cycle based analysis

4. EV dynamics based power demand calculation

5. Demand current generation from EV power and battery voltage

6. Bidirectional DC-DC converter based power flow control

7. PI controller based duty cycle generation

8. Low pass filter based transient power separation

9. Supercapacitor assistance during acceleration

10. Regenerative energy absorption during deceleration

11. Battery voltage, current, and SOC analysis

12. Supercapacitor voltage and current response observation

𝐀𝐩𝐩𝐥𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐬

This simulation is suitable for learning and analyzing:

1. Electric vehicle energy management

2. Hybrid energy storage systems

3. Battery-supercapacitor power sharing

4. Bidirectional DC-DC converter operation

5. EV drive cycle based power demand analysis

6. Regenerative braking energy behavior

7. Battery SOC and current response study

8. Supercapacitor transient power support

9. MATLAB-based EV simulation study

10. Control strategy development for EV energy systems

𝐖𝐡𝐲 𝐁𝐚𝐭𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐲 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐒𝐮𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐜𝐚𝐩𝐚𝐜𝐢𝐭𝐨𝐫 𝐚𝐫𝐞 𝐔𝐬𝐞𝐝 𝐓𝐨𝐠𝐞𝐭𝐡𝐞𝐫?

The battery has high energy capacity and can supply the EV demand for a longer time. However, sudden acceleration and deceleration create fast-changing power requirements.

The supercapacitor provides fast power response during these transient conditions. This helps reduce sudden stress on the battery and improves the overall response of the EV energy system.

In this model:

1. Battery handles the main power demand

2. Supercapacitor handles sudden power variations

3. Regenerative energy is absorbed during deceleration

4. Power sharing improves EV energy management performance

𝐂𝐨𝐧𝐜𝐥𝐮𝐬𝐢𝐨𝐧

The 𝐁𝐚𝐭𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐲–𝐒𝐮𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐜𝐚𝐩𝐚𝐜𝐢𝐭𝐨𝐫 𝐄𝐧𝐞𝐫𝐠𝐲 𝐌𝐚𝐧𝐚𝐠𝐞𝐦𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐒𝐲𝐬𝐭𝐞𝐦 𝐟𝐨𝐫 𝐄𝐥𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐫𝐢𝐜 𝐕𝐞𝐡𝐢𝐜𝐥𝐞 𝐢𝐧 𝐌𝐀𝐓𝐋𝐀𝐁 provides a clear simulation platform for studying EV power sharing.

The battery supplies the major EV load demand, while the supercapacitor supports acceleration and absorbs regenerative power during deceleration. The bidirectional DC-DC converter and PI controller help manage the supercapacitor current effectively.

This model is useful for students, researchers, and engineers who want to understand 𝐄𝐕 𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐫𝐠𝐲 𝐦𝐚𝐧𝐚𝐠𝐞𝐦𝐞𝐧𝐭, 𝐡𝐲𝐛𝐫𝐢𝐝 𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐫𝐠𝐲 𝐬𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐚𝐠𝐞, and 𝐬𝐮𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐜𝐚𝐩𝐚𝐜𝐢𝐭𝐨𝐫-𝐛𝐚𝐬𝐞𝐝 𝐭𝐫𝐚𝐧𝐬𝐢𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐩𝐨𝐰𝐞𝐫 𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐨𝐥.