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PV–Battery Powered BLDC Motor System for Electric Vehicle Application

PV–battery powered BLDC motor drive system developed in MATLAB for electric vehicle (EV) applications. The system intelligently integrates solar PV, battery storage, power converters, and a BLDC motor drive to ensure reliable operation under varying irradiance conditions—including daytime and nighttime operation.

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🔧 System Overview

The complete EV drive system consists of:

  • ☀️ Solar PV Array

  • 🔼 DC–DC Boost Converter with Incremental Conductance MPPT

  • 🔋 Battery Energy Storage (48 V, 70 Ah)

  • 🔁 Bidirectional DC–DC Converter

  • ⚙️ BLDC Motor Drive (EV Motor)

  • 🔌 DC Bus (220 V regulated)

This configuration enables:

  • Maximum power extraction from PV

  • Stable DC bus voltage

  • Bidirectional battery charging/discharging

  • Continuous EV motor operation

☀️ Solar PV Array Specifications

  • 🔹 Single PV panel rating: 250 W

  • 🔹 Voltage at MPP (Vmp): 30.7 V

  • 🔹 Current at MPP (Imp): 8.15 A

  • 🔹 Configuration: 4 panels in series

  • 🔹 Total power at STC: 1000 W (1000 W/m², 25°C)

📈 I–V and P–V Characteristics

  • 1000 W/m² → ~1000 W

  • 800 W/m² → ~800 W

  • 600 W/m² → ~599 W

  • 400 W/m² → ~396 W

The PV array output is connected to the DC bus through a boost converter.

🔼 Boost Converter with Incremental Conductance MPPT

The boost converter performs two key functions:

  • ⚡ Boosts PV voltage from ~120 V to 220 V DC

  • 🎯 Extracts maximum power using Incremental Conductance (IC) MPPT

🧠 Incremental Conductance MPPT Logic

  • Measures PV voltage & current

  • Computes:

    • ΔV, ΔI, ΔP

  • Decision rules:

    • If ΔI/ΔV = −I/V → MPP reached

    • Adjust duty cycle accordingly

  • Duty cycle limits enforced:

    • D<sub>min</sub> ≤ D ≤ D<sub>max</sub>

🔁 The algorithm updates the duty cycle every sampling instant and drives the boost converter using a PWM generator.

🔋 Battery Energy Storage System

  • 🔹 Battery rating: 48 V, 70 Ah

  • 🔹 Initial SOC: 50%

🔁 Bidirectional Converter Operation

Why bidirectional?

  • 🌞 Excess PV power → Battery charging

  • 🌙 Low/No PV power → Battery discharging to support EV motor

⚙️ Control Strategy

  • DC bus voltage (220 V) is measured

  • Compared with reference voltage

  • Error processed through PI controller

  • PWM pulses generated:

    • Lower switch → Direct pulse

    • Upper switch → Complementary pulse

✔️ Maintains DC bus voltage✔️ Enables smooth power flow in both directions

⚙️ BLDC Motor Drive (EV Motor)

The BLDC motor acts as the electric vehicle traction motor.

🔌 Drive Components

  • Voltage Source Inverter (VSI)

  • BLDC motor model

  • Hall sensors for rotor position detection

🧭 Commutation Logic

  • Hall sensor signals → Logic table

  • Back-EMF derived from logic

  • Switching pulses generated for:

    • Q1–Q6 inverter switches

  • Six-step commutation implemented

🧪 Motor Inputs & Measurements

  • Load torque:

    • 0 Nm initially

    • 3 Nm applied after 0.1 s

  • Measured parameters:

    • Speed (RPM)

    • Electromagnetic torque

    • Stator current

    • Back EMF

🧪 Simulation Scenarios & Results

✅ Case 1: Variable Irradiance (Daytime)

  • Irradiance:

    • 1000 → 500 → 1000 W/m² (every 0.3 s)

Observations:

  • DC bus voltage maintained at 220 V

  • PV power tracks irradiance accurately

  • Battery:

    • Slight discharge at low irradiance

    • Charging during high irradiance

  • Motor:

    • Speed ≈ 1300 RPM

    • Torque ≈ 3 Nm

🌙 Case 2: Zero Irradiance (Nighttime)

Observations:

  • PV power = 0

  • Boost converter inactive

  • Battery fully supplies the BLDC motor

  • Battery current ≈ 10 A (discharging)

  • DC bus voltage still regulated at 220 V

  • Motor speed & torque remain stable

✔️ Demonstrates reliable EV operation even without solar power

⭐ Key Highlights

  • ☀️ Efficient PV energy utilization using IC-MPPT

  • 🔋 Intelligent battery charge/discharge management

  • ⚙️ Stable BLDC motor operation under all conditions

  • 🌙 Seamless transition between PV-powered and battery-powered modes

  • 🚗 Suitable for solar-assisted electric vehicle applications

🎯 Conclusion

This PV–battery powered BLDC motor system successfully demonstrates:

  • Robust EV drive operation

  • Renewable energy integration

  • Advanced power electronics control

  • Reliability during both daytime and nighttime

📌 A practical and scalable solution for solar-powered electric vehicles.

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