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MATLAB Simulation of Vehicle to Grid and Grid to Vehicle in Single Phase Grid

MATLAB Simulation of Vehicle to Grid and Grid to Vehicle in Single Phase Grid


A practical MATLAB/Simulink model for understanding Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) and Grid-to-Vehicle (G2V) operation in a single-phase grid. This model helps students, researchers, and engineers study bidirectional power flow, DC-link voltage regulation, battery charging/discharging, unity power factor control, and grid current THD performance.


𝐈𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐨𝐝𝐮𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧


Vehicle to Grid and Grid to Vehicle in Single Phase Grid


Vehicle to Grid and Grid to Vehicle in Single Phase Grid


Vehicle to grid and grid to vehicle in single phase grid
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Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) and Grid-to-Vehicle (G2V) are important concepts in modern electric vehicle charging systems.

  • G2V means the grid charges the EV battery

  • V2G means the EV battery sends power back to the grid

  • Both modes are useful in smart grid, energy management, and EV charging applications


This MATLAB simulation demonstrates how a single-phase grid-connected EV battery system can operate in both directions with proper control.


𝐒𝐲𝐬𝐭𝐞𝐦 𝐎𝐯𝐞𝐫𝐯𝐢𝐞𝐰


The proposed model consists of the following main parts:

  • Single-phase AC grid

  • Source inductance

  • Single-phase H-bridge inverter

  • DC-link capacitor

  • Bidirectional buck-boost DC-DC converter

  • Battery pack acting as EV battery

  • PI-based control system

  • PLL for synchronization

  • PWM generator for switching control


Main Purpose of the Model


  • Enable battery charging from grid

  • Enable battery discharging to grid

  • Maintain DC-link voltage at 380 V

  • Keep source-side operation close to unity power factor

  • Maintain grid current THD below 5%


𝐒𝐲𝐬𝐭𝐞𝐦 𝐏𝐚𝐫𝐚𝐦𝐞𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐬


Parameter

Value

Grid RMS Voltage

230 V

Grid Peak Voltage

325 V

Grid Frequency

50 Hz

Battery Voltage

120 V

Battery Capacity

48 Ah

DC-Link Reference Voltage

380 V

Charging/Discharging Current Reference

±10 A

Switching Change Time

0.5 s

𝐖𝐨𝐫𝐤𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐏𝐫𝐨𝐜𝐞𝐬𝐬


The system works in two operating modes.

1) Grid to Vehicle (G2V)

In this mode, power flows from the grid to the battery.

  • Battery current is negative

  • Battery state of charge increases

  • EV battery gets charged

  • Source current follows the control reference

  • DC-link voltage remains close to 380 V

2) Vehicle to Grid (V2G)

In this mode, power flows from the battery to the grid.

  • Battery current is positive

  • Battery state of charge decreases

  • Battery supplies power back to the utility

  • Source current changes direction according to the operating mode

  • DC-link voltage returns to the reference after a small transient


𝐎𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐌𝐨𝐝𝐞𝐬 𝐂𝐨𝐦𝐩𝐚𝐫𝐢𝐬𝐨𝐧

Feature

G2V Mode

V2G Mode

Power Flow

Grid → Battery

Battery → Grid

Battery Current

Negative

Positive

Battery SOC

Increases

Decreases

Battery Condition

Charging

Discharging

Grid Role

Supplies power

Receives power

𝐂𝐨𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐨𝐥 𝐒𝐭𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐠𝐲


The model uses two major control loops.


1) DC-Link Voltage Control

Purpose:

  • Maintain the DC-link capacitor voltage at 380 V

How it works:

  • Measured DC-link voltage is compared with the 380 V reference

  • The error is processed by a PI controller

  • The controller generates the reference peak current


2) Current Control for Unity Power Factor

Purpose:

  • Ensure proper current tracking at the grid side

  • Improve power quality

How it works:

  • Grid voltage is measured

  • A PLL generates the phase angle

  • A sine signal is created using the PLL output

  • The reference peak current is converted into a sinusoidal current reference

  • Actual grid current is compared with the reference

  • A PI controller produces the control signal

  • SPWM drives the single-phase H-bridge inverter


3) Battery Current Control

Purpose:

  • Control battery charging and discharging current

How it works:

  • Battery current is compared with the reference current

  • The current error is processed by a PI controller

  • The controller output generates the duty cycle

  • PWM pulses drive the bidirectional buck-boost converter

  • One switch gets the pulse, and the other gets the inverted pulse


𝐖𝐨𝐫𝐤𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐒𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐞 𝐈𝐧 𝐒𝐢𝐦𝐮𝐥𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧


Case 1: Charging to Discharging

  • Initial battery current reference = -10 A

  • System operates in G2V mode

  • At 0.5 s, the reference changes to +10 A

  • System shifts to V2G mode

Case 2: Discharging to Charging

  • Initial battery current reference = +10 A

  • System operates in V2G mode

  • At 0.5 s, the reference changes to -10 A

  • System shifts to G2V mode


𝐒𝐢𝐦𝐮𝐥𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐑𝐞𝐬𝐮𝐥𝐭𝐬


Observed Performance

  • Battery current follows the command from -10 A to +10 A and vice versa

  • Battery voltage stays around 120 V

  • DC-link voltage is maintained around 380 V

  • Short transient overshoot/undershoot appears during mode transition

  • Source current settles back after a few cycles

  • Battery SOC increases during charging and decreases during discharging

Waveform Observations

Signal

Observation

Source Voltage

Stable sinusoidal waveform

Source Current

Controlled and synchronized with operating mode

DC-Link Voltage

Maintained near 380 V with short transient during switching

Battery Current

Tracks ±10 A reference

Battery Voltage

Approximately 120 V

Battery SOC

Increases in G2V, decreases in V2G

THD Performance

The source current THD remains below 5%, which indicates good power quality.

Condition

THD

Charging condition

Around 4.0%

Discharging condition

3.71%

Reverse test condition

3.59%

Reverse test condition

3.79%

THD Summary


  • THD stays in the range of 3.59% to 4.0%

  • The model satisfies the common target of THD less than 5%

  • This shows effective control of the grid-side current


𝐊𝐞𝐲 𝐅𝐞𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞𝐬


  • MATLAB/Simulink implementation of V2G and G2V

  • Single-phase grid-connected EV battery model

  • Bidirectional buck-boost converter

  • Single-phase H-bridge inverter

  • PLL-based synchronization

  • PI-based DC-link voltage control

  • Grid current control for improved power quality

  • Battery charging and discharging current control

  • THD below 5%

  • Clear response during mode transition


𝐖𝐡𝐲 𝐓𝐡𝐢𝐬 𝐌𝐨𝐝𝐞𝐥 𝐈𝐬 𝐔𝐬𝐞𝐟𝐮𝐥


  • Helps understand bidirectional EV charging

  • Useful for learning grid-connected converter control

  • Supports study of V2G integration in smart grids

  • Demonstrates power flow reversal

  • Good for academic learning and technical analysis


𝐀𝐩𝐩𝐥𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐬


  • Electric vehicle charging stations

  • Smart grid research

  • Bidirectional charger development

  • Battery energy storage studies

  • Renewable energy and grid integration

  • Power electronics education

  • Control strategy validation in MATLAB/Simulink


𝐖𝐡𝐨 𝐂𝐚𝐧 𝐔𝐬𝐞 𝐓𝐡𝐢𝐬


  • Students learning EV charging concepts

  • Researchers working on V2G and G2V

  • Engineers studying converter control

  • Faculty members teaching power electronics and smart grid topics


𝐂𝐨𝐧𝐜𝐥𝐮𝐬𝐢𝐨𝐧


This MATLAB Simulation of Vehicle to Grid and Grid to Vehicle in Single Phase Grid is a useful model for understanding bidirectional EV-grid interaction in a simple and practical way.

The simulation clearly shows:

  • Charging and discharging operation

  • Smooth transition between V2G and G2V

  • 120 V battery integration

  • 380 V DC-link regulation

  • Current control using PI and PWM

  • Good power quality with THD below 5%


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