Grid Connected Hybrid Solar PV Wind with Battery Energy Storage System
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Grid Connected Hybrid Solar PV Wind with Battery Energy Storage System
𝐈𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐨𝐝𝐮𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧
The Grid Connected Hybrid Solar PV Wind with Battery Energy Storage System is a MATLAB/Simulink-based renewable energy model that combines solar PV generation, wind energy conversion, battery storage, and grid integration through a common DC bus.
The model demonstrates how multiple renewable energy sources can operate together under changing environmental conditions while maintaining a regulated 400 V DC bus.
Key concepts demonstrated include:
Solar PV power generation
PMSG-based wind energy conversion
Solar and wind MPPT control
Battery charging and energy balancing
Bidirectional DC-DC conversion
DC-bus voltage regulation
Grid-connected inverter control
dq-frame current control
LCL filtering
Variable solar irradiance
Variable wind speed
Grid-current regulation
𝐒𝐲𝐬𝐭𝐞𝐦 𝐎𝐯𝐞𝐫𝐯𝐢𝐞𝐰
The hybrid renewable energy system consists of three main energy sources connected to a common DC link.
System Section | Main Components | Main Function |
Solar PV | PV array + boost converter | Generates solar power |
Solar MPPT | Incremental Conductance | Extracts maximum PV power |
Wind System | Wind turbine + PMSG | Generates wind power |
Wind Rectifier | AC-DC rectifier | Converts PMSG output to DC |
Wind Converter | Boost converter | Raises wind-side DC voltage |
Wind MPPT | P&O algorithm | Extracts maximum wind power |
Battery System | Battery + bidirectional DC-DC converter | Stores or supplies energy |
DC Bus | Common DC link | Couples PV, wind, battery and inverter |
Grid Interface | Grid-connected inverter | Transfers power between DC and AC sides |
Filter | LCL filter | Improves grid-side current quality |
Inverter Control | dq-frame PI control | Regulates grid current |
𝐌𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐒𝐲𝐬𝐭𝐞𝐦 𝐏𝐚𝐫𝐚𝐦𝐞𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐬
The simulation includes the following important operating values.
Parameter | Value / Condition |
Solar PV rated power | Around 2 kW |
Wind generation capacity | Around 2.77–2.8 kW |
Common DC-bus reference | 400 V |
Initial wind speed | 12 m/s |
Wind-speed change time | 2 s |
Reduced wind speed | Approximately 10.1–10.7 m/s as described in the simulation |
Maximum PV irradiance | 1000 W/m² |
Intermediate irradiance | 500 W/m² |
Low irradiance condition | Around 10 W/m² |
Irradiance changing interval | Approximately 0.3 s |
Wind MPPT | Perturb and Observe (P&O) |
PV MPPT | Incremental Conductance |
DC-link control | PI-based voltage controller |
Grid converter control | dq-frame current control |
𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐚𝐫 𝐏𝐕 𝐒𝐲𝐬𝐭𝐞𝐦
The solar PV section is rated at approximately 2 kW.
Its output is connected to the common DC bus through a DC-DC boost converter.
𝐏𝐕 𝐩𝐨𝐰𝐞𝐫 𝐟𝐥𝐨𝐰
Solar PV → Boost Converter → Common DC Bus → Inverter → Grid
The PV system uses an Incremental Conductance MPPT algorithm.
The controller:
Measures PV voltage
Measures PV current
Determines the maximum-power operating condition
Generates the converter control command
Adjusts the boost converter
Continuously tracks PV maximum power
This allows the PV array to respond effectively to changing solar irradiance.
𝐏𝐕 𝐈𝐫𝐫𝐚𝐝𝐢𝐚𝐧𝐜𝐞 𝐏𝐫𝐨𝐟𝐢𝐥𝐞
The irradiance is intentionally varied during simulation to test the dynamic behavior of the PV system.
A representative sequence described in the simulation is:
Operating Stage | Irradiance |
High irradiance | 1000 W/m² |
Medium irradiance | 500 W/m² |
Very low irradiance | Around 10 W/m² |
Medium irradiance | 500 W/m² |
High irradiance | 1000 W/m² |
The irradiance is changed at approximately 0.3-second intervals.
This variation is useful for evaluating the response of the Incremental Conductance MPPT controller.
𝐏𝐕 𝐏𝐨𝐰𝐞𝐫 𝐑𝐞𝐬𝐩𝐨𝐧𝐬𝐞
The PV output follows the irradiance variation.
Irradiance | Approximate PV Power |
1000 W/m² | Around 2000 W |
500 W/m² | Around 1000 W |
Around 10 W/m² | Near 0 W |
500 W/m² | Around 1000 W |
1000 W/m² | Around 2000 W |
The simulation therefore demonstrates the expected relationship between available solar energy and extracted PV power.
𝐖𝐢𝐧𝐝 𝐄𝐧𝐞𝐫𝐠𝐲 𝐂𝐨𝐧𝐯𝐞𝐫𝐬𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐒𝐲𝐬𝐭𝐞𝐦
The wind section uses a Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator (PMSG).
The energy conversion path is:
Wind Turbine → PMSG → Rectifier → Boost Converter → Common DC Bus
The PMSG produces electrical AC output.
A rectifier converts this AC output into DC before it is supplied to the boost converter.
𝐖𝐢𝐧𝐝 𝐌𝐏𝐏𝐓 𝐂𝐨𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐨𝐥
The wind energy conversion system uses a conventional Perturb and Observe (P&O) MPPT algorithm.
The MPPT controller receives:
Rectifier output voltage
Rectifier output current
Based on these measurements, the controller determines the appropriate converter duty cycle.
The boost converter then adjusts the wind-side operating point to extract maximum available power.
𝐖𝐢𝐧𝐝 𝐒𝐩𝐞𝐞𝐝 𝐕𝐚𝐫𝐢𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧
The model also includes a changing wind-speed profile.
Simulation Period | Wind Speed |
0–2 s | 12 m/s |
After 2 s | Approximately 10.1–10.7 m/s |
This change allows the performance of the wind MPPT controller and hybrid energy-management behavior to be observed under varying wind conditions.
𝐖𝐢𝐧𝐝 𝐏𝐨𝐰𝐞𝐫 𝐑𝐞𝐬𝐩𝐨𝐧𝐬𝐞
At the higher wind-speed condition, the wind generator produces significantly more power.
Wind Condition | Approximate Output Power |
Around 12 m/s | Around 2.6 kW |
Reduced wind speed | Around 1.5 kW |
The reduction in wind speed therefore produces a corresponding reduction in wind-generator output power.
The P&O MPPT controller continuously adjusts the converter operating condition to extract the available wind power.
𝐁𝐚𝐭𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐲 𝐄𝐧𝐞𝐫𝐠𝐲 𝐒𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐚𝐠𝐞 𝐒𝐲𝐬𝐭𝐞𝐦
The battery is connected to the DC bus through a bidirectional DC-DC converter.
This converter allows energy transfer in both directions.
During excess renewable generation
PV and wind supply the available power.
Excess power can charge the battery.
Battery charging current changes according to renewable power availability.
During reduced renewable generation
Battery power can support the DC bus.
The converter contributes to DC-link voltage regulation.
Grid power exchange can also change according to the control strategy.
𝐁𝐚𝐭𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐲 𝐂𝐡𝐚𝐫𝐠𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐁𝐞𝐡𝐚𝐯𝐢𝐨𝐫
The battery charging current changes considerably with the available PV and wind power.
Operating Condition | Approximate Battery Current |
High PV and wind generation | Around −13 A |
Reduced renewable generation | Around −7 A |
The negative current represents the charging condition according to the sign convention used in the model.
This result demonstrates that battery charging is automatically influenced by the amount of renewable power available on the DC bus.
𝐃𝐂 𝐁𝐮𝐬 𝐕𝐨𝐥𝐭𝐚𝐠𝐞 𝐂𝐨𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐨𝐥
One of the most important requirements of the hybrid system is maintaining a stable DC-link voltage.
The required DC-bus voltage is:
400 V
The controller performs the following sequence:
Measures the actual DC-bus voltage
Compares it with the 400 V reference
Processes the voltage error through a PI controller
Generates the converter control command
Sends PWM pulses to the bidirectional DC-DC converter
Adjusts battery-side power transfer
As a result, the DC-link voltage remains close to 400 V even when PV irradiance and wind speed change.
𝐖𝐢𝐧𝐝-𝐒𝐢𝐝𝐞 𝐕𝐨𝐥𝐭𝐚𝐠𝐞 𝐁𝐞𝐡𝐚𝐯𝐢𝐨𝐫
The wind rectifier and boost converter measurements demonstrate the conversion process.
Measurement | Approximate Value |
Rectifier-side voltage | Around 200 V |
Boost-converter output | Around 400 V |
Common DC bus | Around 400 V |
The boost converter therefore raises the wind-generator rectified voltage to the common DC-link level.
𝐆𝐫𝐢𝐝-𝐂𝐨𝐧𝐧𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐞𝐝 𝐈𝐧𝐯𝐞𝐫𝐭𝐞𝐫
The common DC bus is connected to the utility grid through a controlled inverter.
The inverter is responsible for:
DC-to-AC power conversion
Grid-current regulation
Renewable power injection
Bidirectional grid power exchange
Maintaining controlled current waveform
Coordinating the hybrid source with the grid
An LCL filter is placed between the inverter and grid to improve the quality of the grid-connected current.
𝐈𝐧𝐯𝐞𝐫𝐭𝐞𝐫 𝐂𝐨𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐨𝐥 𝐒𝐭𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐠𝐲
The inverter uses a dq-reference-frame control method.
The reference-current generation considers parameters including:
PV current
Battery state of charge
Required grid power direction
These conditions determine whether the system should:
Supply renewable power to the grid
Draw required power from the grid
Charge the battery
Adjust inverter current according to available renewable energy
𝐝𝐪-𝐅𝐫𝐚𝐦𝐞 𝐂𝐮𝐫𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐂𝐨𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐨𝐥
The inverter current is measured and transformed into the dq reference frame.
The basic control sequence is:
Measure actual inverter current.
Transform the measured current into dq components.
Generate dq reference currents.
Compare actual and reference currents.
Process the current error using conventional PI controllers.
Generate dq control commands.
Convert the control commands back to the required AC reference.
Generate PWM gating signals.
Control the grid-connected inverter.
This approach provides controlled interaction between the hybrid renewable energy system and the utility grid.
𝐆𝐫𝐢𝐝 𝐂𝐮𝐫𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐑𝐞𝐬𝐩𝐨𝐧𝐬𝐞
The simulation results show a sinusoidal grid-side current waveform.
The grid-current magnitude changes according to:
Solar PV generation
Wind generation
Battery SOC
Battery charging condition
Reference current command
Available renewable power
This demonstrates coordinated control between the renewable sources, battery storage, and grid interface.
𝐌𝐞𝐚𝐬𝐮𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐒𝐢𝐦𝐮𝐥𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐒𝐢𝐠𝐧𝐚𝐥𝐬
A wide range of variables is monitored during simulation.
Solar PV measurements
PV voltage
PV current
PV power
Wind-system measurements
Generator voltage
Generator current
Rectifier voltage
Rectifier current
Rectifier power
Boost-converter voltage
Boost-converter current
Boost-converter power
Battery measurements
Battery voltage
Battery current
Battery SOC
DC-side measurements
DC-bus voltage
DC load current
DC load power
DC-bus current
Grid-side measurements
Inverter voltage
Inverter current
Grid current
These measurements make it possible to evaluate the complete power flow of the hybrid renewable energy system.
𝐒𝐢𝐦𝐮𝐥𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐑𝐞𝐬𝐮𝐥𝐭𝐬
The main observations obtained from the MATLAB/Simulink simulation are summarized below.
Test Condition | Observed Response |
High solar irradiance | PV produces around 2 kW |
500 W/m² irradiance | PV output reduces to around 1 kW |
Very low irradiance | PV power approaches 0 W |
Irradiance restored to 1000 W/m² | PV power returns to around 2 kW |
Wind speed around 12 m/s | Wind power reaches around 2.6 kW |
Reduced wind speed | Wind power reduces to around 1.5 kW |
High renewable generation | Battery charging current reaches around −13 A |
Lower renewable generation | Battery charging current reduces to around −7 A |
Changing renewable inputs | DC bus remains near 400 V |
Grid-connected operation | Controlled sinusoidal grid current is obtained |
𝐖𝐨𝐫𝐤𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐏𝐫𝐨𝐜𝐞𝐬𝐬
The overall hybrid energy flow can be understood in the following sequence:
Solar PV generates DC electrical energy.
Incremental Conductance MPPT extracts maximum PV power.
A boost converter connects the PV source to the common DC bus.
Wind turbine drives the PMSG.
PMSG AC output is converted into DC using a rectifier.
P&O MPPT controls the wind-side boost converter.
Wind power is supplied to the same common DC bus.
The battery is connected through a bidirectional converter.
Battery charging varies with available renewable power.
The voltage controller maintains the DC bus near 400 V.
The inverter converts DC power into grid-compatible AC power.
dq-frame current control regulates inverter operation.
The LCL filter improves the grid-side waveform.
The system continuously adapts to changes in wind speed and solar irradiance.
𝐂𝐨𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐨𝐥 𝐒𝐭𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐠𝐲
Three major control functions operate simultaneously.
Controller | Controlled Section | Purpose |
P&O MPPT | Wind boost converter | Maximum wind-power extraction |
Incremental Conductance MPPT | PV boost converter | Maximum solar-power extraction |
PI Voltage Controller | Battery bidirectional converter | Maintain 400 V DC bus |
dq PI Current Control | Grid-connected inverter | Regulate inverter/grid current |
PWM Control | Power switches | Generate converter and inverter switching pulses |
Together, these controllers allow the different power sources to operate as one coordinated hybrid energy system.
𝐊𝐞𝐲 𝐅𝐞𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞𝐬
Integration of solar PV, wind, battery and utility grid
Approximately 2 kW solar PV system
Approximately 2.8 kW wind-energy system
PMSG-based wind-energy conversion
Wind-side P&O MPPT
PV-side Incremental Conductance MPPT
Bidirectional battery power conversion
400 V regulated DC link
PI-based DC-voltage controller
dq-reference-frame inverter control
Current PI controller
PWM-based power converter operation
LCL grid filter
Variable wind-speed simulation
Variable solar-irradiance simulation
Battery SOC monitoring
Battery charging-current analysis
PV voltage, current and power monitoring
Wind-generator measurements
Grid voltage and current monitoring
Renewable power variation analysis
𝐖𝐡𝐲 𝐇𝐲𝐛𝐫𝐢𝐝 𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐚𝐫-𝐖𝐢𝐧𝐝-𝐁𝐚𝐭𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐲 𝐒𝐲𝐬𝐭𝐞𝐦𝐬 𝐀𝐫𝐞 𝐔𝐬𝐞𝐟𝐮𝐥
Solar and wind resources naturally vary with environmental conditions.
A hybrid architecture helps combine their advantages:
Solar power is available during suitable irradiance conditions.
Wind generation depends on available wind speed.
Battery storage absorbs excess renewable energy.
The battery can support the DC bus when generation changes.
Grid integration provides another power-exchange path.
Multiple control loops maintain coordinated operation.
The result is a more flexible energy-conversion architecture than using a single renewable source alone.
𝐀𝐩𝐩𝐥𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐬
This MATLAB/Simulink model is useful for studying:
Hybrid renewable energy systems
Grid-connected solar PV systems
Wind-energy conversion systems
PMSG wind generators
Battery energy storage systems
Renewable energy MPPT techniques
Bidirectional DC-DC converters
DC microgrids
Hybrid AC/DC energy systems
Smart-grid power management
Grid-connected inverter control
dq-frame current controllers
Renewable-energy power-flow analysis
Battery charging strategies
Energy-management research
Power-electronics converter control
𝐖𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝐂𝐚𝐧 𝐁𝐞 𝐀𝐧𝐚𝐥𝐲𝐳𝐞𝐝 𝐔𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐓𝐡𝐢𝐬 𝐌𝐨𝐝𝐞𝐥?
Students, researchers and engineers can use the simulation concept to understand:
How solar irradiance affects PV output
How wind speed affects PMSG power
How MPPT controllers respond to environmental variations
How boost converters interface renewable sources with a DC bus
How battery charging changes with renewable generation
How a bidirectional converter regulates the DC link
How the DC bus can remain near 400 V
How reference grid current is generated
How dq current control operates
How grid current responds to renewable-power variations
How multiple energy sources can share a common DC link
𝐂𝐨𝐧𝐜𝐥𝐮𝐬𝐢𝐨𝐧
The Grid Connected Hybrid Solar PV Wind with Battery Energy Storage System demonstrates an integrated renewable-energy architecture in MATLAB/Simulink.
Key simulation observations include:
PV generation reaches approximately 2 kW at 1000 W/m².
PV power decreases to around 1 kW at 500 W/m².
Wind generation reaches approximately 2.6 kW under the higher wind-speed condition.
Reduced wind speed lowers wind output to around 1.5 kW.
Battery charging current changes from approximately −13 A to −7 A depending on renewable-energy availability.
The common DC-link voltage remains close to 400 V despite variations in PV and wind generation.
The grid-connected inverter produces a controlled sinusoidal grid current.
P&O and Incremental Conductance MPPT controllers enable maximum-power tracking from wind and PV sources respectively.
Overall, the model provides a clear platform for understanding hybrid renewable generation, battery energy storage, MPPT control, DC-link regulation, and grid-connected power conversion.
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