EV Charging Station with PV Wind and Battery Energy Storage System
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EV Charging Station with PV Wind and Battery Energy Storage System
𝐈𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐨𝐝𝐮𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧
An EV charging station with PV, wind, and battery energy storage provides an effective way to combine renewable energy generation with electric vehicle charging.
EV Charging Station with PV Wind and Battery Energy Storage System
In this MATLAB/Simulink model, the charging station is developed as a DC microgrid in which:
Solar PV generates renewable power.
A wind turbine provides additional renewable generation.
A stationary battery balances excess and deficient power.
A regulated 400 V DC bus connects all energy sources.
Two EV batteries are charged through controlled DC–DC converters.
MPPT controllers maximize the available PV and wind power.
The stationary battery supports continuous EV charging when renewable generation changes.
The system demonstrates practical renewable energy-based EV charging, DC-bus voltage regulation, battery energy management, and power sharing.
𝐒𝐲𝐬𝐭𝐞𝐦 𝐎𝐯𝐞𝐫𝐯𝐢𝐞𝐰
The complete charging station contains five major sections:
Wind Energy Conversion System
Solar PV System
Stationary Battery Energy Storage System
DC Bus and Power Management
Dual EV Battery Charging System
Main System Parameters
Parameter | Value / Configuration |
DC-link reference voltage | 400 V |
PV rated power | Approximately 2 kW |
PV operating voltage | Approximately 245.6 V |
Wind generation capacity | Approximately 2.5–3 kW |
Wind-side DC voltage | Approximately 240–300 V |
Stationary battery voltage | Approximately 240 V |
Stationary battery capacity | 48 Ah |
Stationary battery initial SOC | 50% |
EV battery voltage | 320 V |
EV battery energy capacity | 22 kWh |
Number of EV batteries | 2 |
Charging power per EV | Approximately 1.5 kW |
Total EV charging power | Approximately 3 kW |
𝐖𝐢𝐧𝐝 𝐄𝐧𝐞𝐫𝐠𝐲 𝐂𝐨𝐧𝐯𝐞𝐫𝐬𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐒𝐲𝐬𝐭𝐞𝐦
The wind energy section consists of:
Wind turbine
Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator (PMSG)
Diode rectifier
DC–DC boost converter
P&O MPPT controller
PWM generator
The mechanical energy obtained from the wind turbine is converted into electrical energy by the PMSG.
Since the PMSG produces AC power, a diode rectifier converts the generated AC voltage into DC.
The rectified voltage is then supplied to the boost converter.
Wind-Side Boost Converter
The wind-side voltage is approximately:
240 V to 300 V before boosting.
Boosted toward the common 400 V DC bus.
The converter is controlled through a Perturb and Observe MPPT algorithm.
𝐏&𝐎 𝐌𝐏𝐏𝐓 𝐂𝐨𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐨𝐥 𝐟𝐨𝐫 𝐖𝐢𝐧𝐝 𝐄𝐧𝐞𝐫𝐠𝐲
The P&O MPPT controller receives:
Rectifier voltage
Rectifier current
From these measurements, the controller determines whether the operating point should be moved toward a higher or lower converter duty cycle.
The controller continuously checks changes in:
Wind-side power
Wind-side voltage
Based on the operating condition, the duty cycle is either:
Increased, or
Decreased.
The calculated duty cycle is sent to the PWM generator, which produces switching pulses for the wind boost converter.
This allows the converter to extract maximum available power from the wind turbine.
𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐚𝐫 𝐏𝐕 𝐄𝐧𝐞𝐫𝐠𝐲 𝐒𝐲𝐬𝐭𝐞𝐦
The PV section contains:
Solar PV array
DC–DC boost converter
Incremental Conductance MPPT
PWM generator
Common DC link
Under standard operating conditions, the PV array can produce approximately:
PV Condition | Approximate Value |
Irradiance | 1000 W/m² |
Temperature | 25°C |
PV power | 2 kW |
PV voltage | 245.6 V |
DC-bus voltage | 400 V |
The PV boost converter increases the PV terminal voltage to the required DC-bus level while simultaneously operating the PV array close to its maximum power point.
𝐈𝐧𝐜𝐫𝐞𝐦𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐚𝐥 𝐂𝐨𝐧𝐝𝐮𝐜𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐜𝐞 𝐌𝐏𝐏𝐓
The PV boost converter uses an Incremental Conductance MPPT algorithm.
The MPPT controller receives:
PV voltage
PV current
It observes changes in voltage and current to determine the direction of the maximum power point.
Depending on the detected operating condition, the controller:
Increases the duty cycle,
Decreases the duty cycle, or
Maintains the operating point.
The duty-cycle command is processed by the PWM generator to produce switching pulses for the PV boost converter.
This enables efficient power extraction even when solar irradiance varies.
𝐁𝐚𝐭𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐲 𝐄𝐧𝐞𝐫𝐠𝐲 𝐒𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐚𝐠𝐞 𝐒𝐲𝐬𝐭𝐞𝐦
A stationary battery is connected to the DC bus through a bidirectional DC–DC converter.
The battery performs two important functions:
Maintains the DC-link voltage near 400 V.
Balances the difference between renewable generation and EV charging demand.
Stationary Battery Parameters
Parameter | Value |
Nominal voltage | Approximately 240 V |
Rated capacity | 48 Ah |
Initial SOC | 50% |
Converter | Bidirectional DC–DC |
DC-link reference | 400 V |
𝐁𝐚𝐭𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐲 𝐂𝐡𝐚𝐫𝐠𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐡𝐚𝐫𝐠𝐢𝐧𝐠
The stationary battery automatically responds to the power condition of the DC microgrid.
Renewable Power Condition | Battery Operation |
PV + wind power exceeds EV demand | Battery charging |
PV + wind power is below EV demand | Battery discharging |
Generation and demand are balanced | Battery power remains comparatively low |
DC-link voltage tends to increase | Charging action helps absorb excess energy |
DC-link voltage tends to decrease | Discharging supports the DC bus |
This operation allows EV charging to continue even when renewable generation changes rapidly.
𝐃𝐂-𝐋𝐢𝐧𝐤 𝐕𝐨𝐥𝐭𝐚𝐠𝐞 𝐂𝐨𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐨𝐥
The DC bus is regulated at approximately 400 V.
The control system measures the actual DC-link voltage and compares it with the reference voltage.
The voltage error is processed through a PI controller.
The PI controller determines the required converter duty cycle, which is then supplied to a PWM generator.
The resulting switching pulses control the bidirectional battery converter.
The controller therefore performs two tasks:
DC-link voltage regulation
Bidirectional battery power control
This is one of the most important control sections of the complete EV charging station.
𝐄𝐕 𝐁𝐚𝐭𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐲 𝐂𝐡𝐚𝐫𝐠𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐒𝐲𝐬𝐭𝐞𝐦
The model contains two EV batteries.
Each EV is connected to the common DC bus through an individual buck converter.
EV Battery Parameters
Parameter | EV 1 | EV 2 |
Battery voltage | 320 V | 320 V |
Energy capacity | 22 kWh | 22 kWh |
Charging converter | Buck converter | Buck converter |
Approx. charging power | 1.5 kW | 1.5 kW |
Therefore, the combined EV charging demand is approximately 3 kW.
𝐄𝐕 𝐂𝐡𝐚𝐫𝐠𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐂𝐨𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐨𝐥
A current-control method is used to regulate EV charging.
The controller monitors:
Charging current reference
Actual converter charging current
The current error is processed using a PI current controller.
The controller output determines the converter duty cycle.
The PWM generator then produces switching pulses for the EV buck converter.
This arrangement helps maintain approximately constant EV charging power even when:
PV generation changes,
Wind generation changes, or
The stationary battery switches between charging and discharging.
𝐖𝐨𝐫𝐤𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐏𝐫𝐨𝐜𝐞𝐬𝐬
The complete energy flow can be understood in the following sequence:
The wind turbine and PMSG generate electrical power.
The wind-side rectifier converts AC power into DC.
The P&O MPPT-controlled boost converter extracts maximum wind power.
The PV array generates solar power.
The PV boost converter operates with Incremental Conductance MPPT.
Wind and PV converters feed the common 400 V DC bus.
Two EV batteries continuously receive charging power through buck converters.
The stationary battery monitors the energy imbalance.
Excess renewable power charges the stationary battery.
Insufficient renewable power causes the stationary battery to discharge.
The bidirectional converter maintains the DC-link voltage near its reference value.
𝐏𝐨𝐰𝐞𝐫 𝐅𝐥𝐨𝐰 𝐒𝐜𝐞𝐧𝐚𝐫𝐢𝐨𝐬
Scenario 1: High Renewable Generation
When PV and wind generation are greater than the EV charging requirement:
PV + Wind → EV Charging + Stationary Battery Charging
The EVs receive the required charging power while the excess renewable energy is stored in the stationary battery.
Scenario 2: Low PV Generation
When irradiance decreases:
Wind + Stationary Battery → EV Charging
The stationary battery compensates for the reduction in solar power.
Scenario 3: Very Low Solar Generation
When PV output becomes nearly zero:
Wind + Stationary Battery → EV Charging Demand
The battery provides additional power whenever wind generation alone cannot satisfy the EV load.
Scenario 4: Renewable Generation Recovers
When solar generation increases again:
PV + Wind → EV Charging + Battery Recharging
The stationary battery returns to charging mode when excess renewable energy becomes available.
𝐒𝐢𝐦𝐮𝐥𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐂𝐨𝐧𝐝𝐢𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐬
The simulation uses changing renewable-energy conditions to evaluate the dynamic performance of the charging station.
Solar Irradiance Variation
The irradiance is changed approximately every 0.3 s to test the PV MPPT and battery energy-management response.
Representative operating levels include:
Operating Stage | Irradiance |
High solar generation | 1000 W/m² |
Reduced solar generation | 500 W/m² |
Very low solar generation | Approximately 10 W/m² |
Solar recovery | 500 W/m² |
Full solar recovery | 1000 W/m² |
Wind-Speed Variation
The wind turbine is tested at variable wind conditions, including approximately:
Condition | Wind Speed |
Initial operating condition | 12 m/s |
Reduced wind condition | 10.8 m/s |
These variations allow the system to demonstrate dynamic renewable power management.
𝐒𝐢𝐦𝐮𝐥𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐑𝐞𝐬𝐮𝐥𝐭𝐬
The simulation monitors:
PV voltage
PV current
PV power
Wind rectifier power
Wind boost-converter power
Stationary battery voltage
Stationary battery current
Stationary battery power
Battery SOC
EV battery voltage
EV charging current
EV charging power
Total DC-load power
Overall renewable power balance
𝐏𝐕 𝐏𝐨𝐰𝐞𝐫 𝐑𝐞𝐬𝐩𝐨𝐧𝐬𝐞
The PV array successfully follows the irradiance changes.
Irradiance | Approximate PV Power |
1000 W/m² | 2 kW |
500 W/m² | 1 kW |
Very low irradiance | Close to 0 W |
Return to 500 W/m² | Around 1 kW |
Return to 1000 W/m² | Around 2 kW |
The results demonstrate the operation of the Incremental Conductance MPPT under varying solar conditions.
𝐖𝐢𝐧𝐝 𝐏𝐨𝐰𝐞𝐫 𝐑𝐞𝐬𝐩𝐨𝐧𝐬𝐞
At approximately 12 m/s wind speed, the wind system extracts close to 3 kW under the demonstrated operating condition.
The P&O MPPT continuously adjusts the boost-converter operating point to maximize the available wind energy.
𝐁𝐚𝐭𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐲 𝐏𝐨𝐰𝐞𝐫 𝐑𝐞𝐬𝐩𝐨𝐧𝐬𝐞
The stationary battery automatically switches between charging and discharging.
During excess PV and wind generation → battery charges.
During reduced renewable generation → battery discharges.
When renewable generation increases again → battery returns to charging.
This confirms proper energy balancing within the DC microgrid.
𝐄𝐕 𝐂𝐡𝐚𝐫𝐠𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐑𝐞𝐬𝐩𝐨𝐧𝐬𝐞
Each EV battery receives approximately 1.5 kW.
Therefore:
EV Load | Approximate Charging Power |
EV Battery 1 | 1.5 kW |
EV Battery 2 | 1.5 kW |
Total charging demand | 3 kW |
An important observation is that the EV charging demand remains comparatively constant while the stationary battery compensates for renewable power variations.
𝐁𝐚𝐭𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐲 𝐒𝐎𝐂 𝐑𝐞𝐬𝐩𝐨𝐧𝐬𝐞
The SOC variation clearly represents the energy-management operation.
SOC increases when excess renewable energy charges the battery.
SOC decreases when renewable generation becomes lower than the EV demand.
SOC rises again when PV and wind generation exceed the charging requirement.
This provides a clear indication of real-time energy balancing.
𝐏𝐨𝐰𝐞𝐫 𝐁𝐚𝐥𝐚𝐧𝐜𝐞
The most important feature of this charging station is its ability to maintain the balance among:
PV Power + Wind Power + Battery Power → EV Charging Power
The battery does not continuously supply or absorb power. Instead, it responds according to the difference between renewable generation and EV charging demand.
PV + Wind Generation | EV Demand | Battery Response |
Greater than demand | Constant | Charging |
Approximately equal to demand | Constant | Minimal exchange |
Lower than demand | Constant | Discharging |
This helps maintain reliable operation of the 400 V DC bus.
𝐂𝐨𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐨𝐥 𝐒𝐭𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐠𝐲
The complete model combines several control techniques.
System | Control Technique | Purpose |
Wind boost converter | P&O MPPT | Maximum wind power extraction |
PV boost converter | Incremental Conductance MPPT | Maximum PV power extraction |
Stationary battery converter | PI voltage control | Maintain 400 V DC link |
Battery DC–DC converter | Bidirectional control | Charging and discharging |
EV buck converter 1 | PI current control | Regulate EV 1 charging |
EV buck converter 2 | PI current control | Regulate EV 2 charging |
Switching converters | PWM control | Generate converter gate pulses |
𝐊𝐞𝐲 𝐅𝐞𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞𝐬
Hybrid PV–wind renewable energy generation
400 V common DC microgrid
P&O MPPT for wind energy conversion
Incremental Conductance MPPT for solar PV
Bidirectional stationary battery converter
Automatic battery charging and discharging
DC-link voltage regulation
Two EV charging ports
Approximately 1.5 kW charging per EV
Approximately 3 kW total EV charging demand
Variable solar irradiance operation
Variable wind-speed operation
Battery SOC monitoring
Renewable power-sharing analysis
MATLAB/Simulink-based dynamic simulation
𝐀𝐝𝐯𝐚𝐧𝐭𝐚𝐠𝐞𝐬
This architecture provides several benefits for renewable EV charging:
Better utilization of solar and wind energy.
Reduced dependence on a single renewable source.
Battery support during low renewable generation.
Storage of excess renewable power.
Stable DC-bus operation.
Continuous EV charging under changing weather conditions.
Effective integration of multiple DC energy sources.
Simple converter-based control architecture.
Suitable platform for testing advanced energy-management algorithms.
𝐀𝐩𝐩𝐥𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐬
This type of PV–wind–battery EV charging architecture can be studied for:
Renewable-powered EV charging stations
Smart charging infrastructure
DC microgrids
Campus EV charging systems
Commercial charging stations
Renewable energy integration studies
Battery energy-management research
MPPT controller analysis
DC–DC converter control
Smart-grid and transportation-energy research
𝐖𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝐒𝐭𝐮𝐝𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐬 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐑𝐞𝐬𝐞𝐚𝐫𝐜𝐡𝐞𝐫𝐬 𝐂𝐚𝐧 𝐋𝐞𝐚𝐫𝐧
By studying this MATLAB/Simulink model, learners can understand:
How a wind turbine and PMSG are integrated into a DC microgrid.
How a PV array is connected to a common DC bus.
How P&O and Incremental Conductance MPPT techniques operate.
How a bidirectional converter controls battery power.
How a PI controller maintains DC-link voltage.
How EV charging current can be controlled.
How battery SOC changes during charging and discharging.
How renewable generation and EV charging demand are balanced dynamically.
𝐂𝐨𝐧𝐜𝐥𝐮𝐬𝐢𝐨𝐧
The EV Charging Station with PV Wind and Battery Energy Storage System demonstrates an effective renewable-energy-based charging architecture using MATLAB/Simulink.
The PV system supplies up to approximately 2 kW, while the wind system contributes close to 3 kW under the demonstrated operating condition. Two EV batteries receive approximately 1.5 kW each, giving a combined charging requirement of around 3 kW.
The stationary battery plays a central role in the system. It absorbs excess renewable energy, supplies power during renewable shortages, and helps maintain the DC-link voltage near 400 V.
With P&O MPPT for wind, Incremental Conductance MPPT for PV, bidirectional battery control, PI-based DC-link regulation, and controlled EV charging, the model provides a clear platform for understanding modern renewable-powered EV charging stations and DC microgrid energy management.
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