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Solar PV–Battery Powered Electric Vehicle Model

🚗 Introduction to the Solar PV–Battery Powered Electric Vehicle Model

This simulation focuses on a solar PV and battery-powered electric vehicle (EV) equipped with a BLDC motor and an intelligent power management system. The objective is to demonstrate how renewable energy sources, combined with energy storage, can be effectively integrated into EV propulsion systems.

🌞 Solar PV acts as the primary energy source🔋 Battery ensures continuity during low irradiance⚙️ Advanced control maintains smooth vehicle operation

Solar PV Battery Powered Electric Vehicle in MATLAB
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🔹 Configuration

  • 1 parallel string

  • 8 series-connected PV modules

🔹 Rated Power

  • Maximum output: 2 kW

  • Solar irradiance: 1000 W/m²

  • Cell temperature: 25°C (STC)

📈 The model includes I–V and P–V characteristic curves, illustrating how:

  • Voltage and current vary with irradiance

  • Maximum power point shifts throughout the day

🔍 MPPT Algorithm Used

  • Incremental Conductance (IncCond) MPPT

⚙️ Key Features

  • 📐 Tracks slope of P–V curve

  • 🔁 Adjusts duty cycle dynamically

  • 🎯 Ensures operation at maximum power point

🔧 The boost converter stabilizes PV output voltage while maximizing power transfer to the DC bus and battery.

🔋 Battery Specifications

  • Type: Lithium-ion

  • Nominal Voltage: 240 V

  • Capacity: 48 Ah

  • Initial SOC: 50%

🔁 Bidirectional DC–DC Converter

  • Enables both charging and discharging

  • Connects battery to common DC bus

🎛️ Control Mechanism

  • Reference DC bus voltage: 400 V

  • Actual DC bus voltage feedback

  • PI controller adjusts duty cycle

✔️ Ensures voltage regulation✔️ Maintains system stability

🚘 The propulsion system uses a Brushless DC (BLDC) motor, chosen for:

  • High efficiency

  • Low maintenance

  • Excellent torque characteristics

🧠 Control Structure

  • 🔄 Speed sensor measures rotor speed

  • 📊 Speed error = reference − actual speed

  • 🎯 PI controller generates duty cycle

  • ⚡ Inverter supplies AC power to motor

This closed-loop control ensures accurate speed and torque regulation.

⚡ High Irradiance Condition

  • PV generates surplus power

  • Battery charges

  • DC bus voltage maintained

🌥️ Low Irradiance Condition

  • PV power drops

  • Battery discharges

  • DC bus voltage remains constant

📉📈 SOC Dynamics

  • SOC increases during PV surplus

  • SOC decreases during battery discharge

🔁 Seamless power sharing ensures uninterrupted vehicle operation.

🔌 DC Bus Voltage Management

🎯 Maintaining a constant DC bus voltage (400 V) is critical for:

  • Inverter performance

  • Motor stability

  • Overall system reliability

🔋 The battery acts as a voltage buffer, absorbing fluctuations caused by:

  • Solar irradiance variation

  • Load and speed changes

✔️ Stable DC bus = Smooth EV operation.

🚀 Acceleration Mode

  • Motor speed increases from zero

  • Higher power demand

  • Battery assists if PV is insufficient

🛣️ Constant Speed Mode

  • Speed maintained at reference

  • Power balanced between PV and battery

🛑 Deceleration Mode

  • Motor slows down

  • Reduced power demand

  • Battery charging possible

🔄 Transitions between modes are smooth and well-controlled.

🧾 Conclusion

🌍 This MATLAB/Simulink model of a solar PV–battery-powered electric vehicle demonstrates the feasibility and effectiveness of integrating renewable energy into EV systems.

✅ Key Takeaways

⚡ Efficient PV power extraction using MPPT🔋 Intelligent battery charging and discharging🔌 Stable DC bus voltage under all conditions⚙️ Smooth BLDC motor control across driving modes

🚗 The model highlights how renewable energy, energy storage, and advanced control strategies can work together to create a reliable, efficient, and sustainable electric vehicle system.

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