PV–Wind–Battery-Based DC Microgrid System Using MATLAB Simulink
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PV–Wind–Battery-Based DC Microgrid System Using MATLAB Simulink
𝐈𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐨𝐝𝐮𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧
A PV–Wind–Battery-Based DC Microgrid combines solar photovoltaic generation, wind power generation, battery energy storage, and a DC load through a common DC bus.
PV–Wind–Battery-Based DC Microgrid System
The complete system is developed in MATLAB Simulink to study:
Solar PV power generation
Wind energy conversion using a PMSG
Maximum power extraction using P&O MPPT
DC–DC boost converter operation
Battery charging and discharging
Bidirectional power flow
DC-bus voltage regulation
Renewable power variation under changing environmental conditions
The common DC-link voltage is regulated at approximately 400 V, allowing the PV, wind, battery, and DC load to operate together within the same DC microgrid.
𝐒𝐲𝐬𝐭𝐞𝐦 𝐎𝐯𝐞𝐫𝐯𝐢𝐞𝐰
The MATLAB Simulink model consists mainly of four sections:
Wind Power Generation System
Solar PV Power Generation System
Battery Energy Storage System
DC Load
Both renewable sources inject power into a common 400 V DC bus.
The battery is connected through a bidirectional DC–DC converter, enabling it to absorb excess renewable energy or supply power when renewable generation is insufficient.
Main System Configuration
Parameter | Value / Configuration |
Wind generation rating | Approximately 6 kW |
PV generation rating | Approximately 6 kW |
PV module rating | 250 W |
PV modules in series | 8 |
Parallel PV strings | 3 |
PV module voltage at MPP | 30.7 V |
PV module current at MPP | 8.15 A |
PV string MPP voltage | Approximately 245 V |
DC-bus reference voltage | 400 V |
Battery voltage | 240 V |
Battery capacity | 40 Ah |
DC load | 2000 W |
PV MPPT | P&O |
Wind MPPT | P&O |
Battery interface | Bidirectional DC–DC converter |
𝐖𝐢𝐧𝐝 𝐏𝐨𝐰𝐞𝐫 𝐆𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧
The wind generation section contains:
Wind turbine model
Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator (PMSG)
Universal bridge rectifier
Boost converter
P&O MPPT controller
PWM generator
Wind Turbine Operation
The wind turbine receives operating inputs including:
Generator speed
Pitch angle
Wind speed
The pitch angle is maintained at 0° in the simulation.
Therefore, the main variation applied to the wind generation system is the change in wind speed.
The generator speed is measured and fed back to the wind turbine model. Based on the wind speed and turbine operating condition, the wind turbine generates the required mechanical torque.
This mechanical torque drives the PMSG.
𝐏𝐌𝐒𝐆 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐑𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐟𝐢𝐞𝐫
The PMSG converts the mechanical power produced by the wind turbine into electrical power.
The generated electrical output is in AC form, and its magnitude changes with wind speed.
Since the microgrid uses a common DC bus, the PMSG output must first be converted from AC to DC.
A Universal Bridge operating as a rectifier performs this conversion.
The rectified voltage is approximately in the range of:
200–300 V DC
This voltage is then increased to the required DC-link voltage.
𝐖𝐢𝐧𝐝 𝐁𝐨𝐨𝐬𝐭 𝐂𝐨𝐧𝐯𝐞𝐫𝐭𝐞𝐫
A DC–DC boost converter is placed between the rectifier and the common DC bus.
Its main functions are:
Increase the rectified DC voltage
Maintain compatibility with the 400 V DC bus
Enable maximum power extraction from the wind system
Provide controlled power transfer to the DC microgrid
The converter is designed considering:
Input voltage
Output voltage
Wind generation power rating
Converter switching requirements
The wind generation rating considered in the model is approximately 6 kW.
𝐖𝐢𝐧𝐝 𝐏&𝐎 𝐌𝐏𝐏𝐓 𝐂𝐨𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐨𝐥
A Perturb and Observe (P&O) MPPT algorithm controls the wind-side boost converter.
The controller receives:
Rectifier voltage
Rectifier current
From these measurements, it determines the operating condition and adjusts the boost converter duty cycle.
Important controller settings include:
Initial duty cycle
Maximum duty cycle
Minimum duty cycle
Duty-cycle perturbation step
The controller continuously evaluates the variation in voltage and power and changes the duty cycle accordingly.
This allows the wind generation system to move toward its maximum power operating point as wind conditions change.
𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐚𝐫 𝐏𝐕 𝐏𝐨𝐰𝐞𝐫 𝐆𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧
The PV subsystem provides the second renewable energy source for the DC microgrid.
The solar array contains:
8 modules connected in series × 3 parallel strings
Each PV module has the following rating:
PV Parameter | Value |
Module power | 250 W |
Voltage at maximum power | 30.7 V |
Current at maximum power | 8.15 A |
Series modules | 8 |
Parallel strings | 3 |
Total installed PV power | Approximately 6 kW |
Series-string MPP voltage | Approximately 245 V |
The PV array voltage is lower than the required 400 V DC-link voltage.
Therefore, another boost converter is used.
𝐏𝐕 𝐁𝐨𝐨𝐬𝐭 𝐂𝐨𝐧𝐯𝐞𝐫𝐭𝐞𝐫
The PV boost converter increases the PV-side voltage from approximately 245 V toward the 400 V DC bus.
Its operation is controlled using a second P&O MPPT controller.
The MPPT controller measures:
PV voltage
PV current
It then generates the appropriate duty-cycle reference.
The duty-cycle signal is processed by the PWM generator, which produces the switching pulses for the converter semiconductor device.
As a result, the PV array can continue operating close to its maximum power point as solar irradiance changes.
𝐁𝐚𝐭𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐲 𝐄𝐧𝐞𝐫𝐠𝐲 𝐒𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐚𝐠𝐞 𝐒𝐲𝐬𝐭𝐞𝐦
The battery provides energy balancing between renewable generation and the DC load.
Battery Parameters
Parameter | Value |
Battery voltage | 240 V |
Battery capacity | 40 Ah |
DC bus | 400 V |
Converter | Bidirectional DC–DC |
Control objective | DC-bus voltage regulation |
A bidirectional converter is necessary because battery power must flow in both directions.
Charging Mode
When renewable generation exceeds load demand:
PV + Wind → DC Bus → Battery
The battery absorbs surplus power.
Discharging Mode
When renewable generation falls below the load requirement:
Battery → DC Bus → Load
The battery supplies the missing power.
This improves the power balance of the DC microgrid during variable renewable generation.
𝐃𝐂-𝐁𝐮𝐬 𝐕𝐨𝐥𝐭𝐚𝐠𝐞 𝐂𝐨𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐨𝐥
The common DC bus is regulated at approximately:
400 V
The actual DC-bus voltage is continuously measured and compared with the 400 V reference.
The resulting control signal is processed through a PI controller.
The controller adjusts the switching of the bidirectional battery converter so that the battery can charge or discharge depending on the instantaneous power balance.
This control helps maintain a stable DC voltage even when:
Solar irradiance changes
Wind speed changes
Renewable generation decreases
Renewable generation exceeds the load requirement
𝐖𝐨𝐫𝐤𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐏𝐫𝐨𝐜𝐞𝐬𝐬
The complete power flow can be understood in a few simple steps.
01) Wind Energy Conversion
Wind Turbine → PMSG → Rectifier → Boost Converter → DC Bus
The wind turbine drives the PMSG, and the generated AC power is rectified and boosted before entering the common DC bus.
02) Solar PV Conversion
PV Array → Boost Converter → DC Bus
The PV boost converter operates under P&O MPPT control to extract the available solar power.
03) Load Supply
The common DC bus supplies a load of approximately:
2000 W
04) Excess Renewable Power
When:
PV Power + Wind Power > Load Power
the surplus energy is transferred to the battery.
05) Renewable Power Deficit
When:
PV Power + Wind Power < Load Power
the battery discharges and supports the DC load.
𝐂𝐨𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐨𝐥 𝐒𝐭𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐠𝐲
The complete system uses coordinated control for renewable energy extraction and DC-bus stabilization.
Subsystem | Control Method | Main Purpose |
Wind system | P&O MPPT | Maximum wind power extraction |
Wind boost converter | PWM control | Voltage boosting and MPPT operation |
PV system | P&O MPPT | Maximum solar power extraction |
PV boost converter | PWM control | Boost PV voltage to DC bus |
Battery converter | PI voltage control | Maintain DC-link voltage |
Battery | Bidirectional operation | Charge/discharge power balancing |
𝐈𝐫𝐫𝐚𝐝𝐢𝐚𝐧𝐜𝐞 𝐕𝐚𝐫𝐢𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧
The PV array is tested under changing solar irradiance.
The irradiance is varied approximately as:
Operating Stage | Solar Irradiance |
Stage 1 | 1000 W/m² |
Stage 2 | 700 W/m² |
Stage 3 | 400 W/m² |
Stage 4 | 200 W/m² |
As irradiance decreases:
PV current decreases
PV power decreases
Battery power changes to compensate
The DC bus remains regulated close to its reference
𝐖𝐢𝐧𝐝 𝐒𝐩𝐞𝐞𝐝 𝐕𝐚𝐫𝐢𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧
The wind speed is also changed during simulation.
The results demonstrate that:
Wind power changes according to wind speed
The PMSG electrical output follows the turbine operating condition
P&O MPPT adjusts converter operation
Wind power is tracked near its available maximum operating point
Battery power compensates for variations in renewable generation
𝐒𝐢𝐦𝐮𝐥𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐑𝐞𝐬𝐮𝐥𝐭𝐬
The MATLAB Simulink results include measurements from the PV system, wind system, battery, and DC load.
𝐏𝐕 𝐑𝐞𝐬𝐮𝐥𝐭𝐬
The simulation displays:
PV voltage
PV current
PV power
When irradiance changes, the PV current and power change accordingly.
The P&O MPPT controller continuously adjusts the operating point so that the available PV power can be extracted.
𝐖𝐢𝐧𝐝 𝐏𝐨𝐰𝐞𝐫 𝐑𝐞𝐬𝐮𝐥𝐭𝐬
The model displays:
Rectifier power
Boost converter power
Changes in wind speed produce corresponding changes in wind power.
The MPPT-controlled boost converter transfers the extracted wind energy to the common DC bus.
𝐁𝐚𝐭𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐲 𝐑𝐞𝐬𝐮𝐥𝐭𝐬
The battery results include:
Battery voltage
Battery current
Battery operating condition
Initially, the battery operates in charging mode when sufficient renewable power is available.
When the available renewable generation decreases, the battery changes to discharging mode to support the load.
This demonstrates the energy-balancing function of the battery storage system.
𝐃𝐂 𝐋𝐨𝐚𝐝 𝐑𝐞𝐬𝐮𝐥𝐭𝐬
The DC-side measurements include:
DC-bus voltage
DC load current
DC load power
The load is approximately 2 kW, while the DC-link controller maintains the bus voltage close to 400 V despite variations in renewable generation.
𝐊𝐞𝐲 𝐑𝐞𝐬𝐮𝐥𝐭 𝐎𝐛𝐬𝐞𝐫𝐯𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐬
Condition | System Response |
High PV and wind generation | Renewable sources supply load and battery can charge |
Reduced irradiance | PV power decreases |
Reduced wind speed | Wind generation decreases |
Renewable surplus | Battery enters charging operation |
Renewable deficit | Battery supplies power |
Changing source power | Bidirectional converter balances energy |
Overall operation | DC bus maintained near 400 V |
The results clearly demonstrate coordinated operation between PV, wind, battery, and DC load.
𝐊𝐞𝐲 𝐅𝐞𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞𝐬
PV–wind hybrid renewable generation
Approximately 6 kW PV system
Approximately 6 kW wind generation system
PMSG-based wind energy conversion
AC–DC conversion through a rectifier
Dedicated boost converters for PV and wind
P&O MPPT for both renewable sources
240 V, 40 Ah battery
Bidirectional battery converter
PI-based DC-link voltage controller
400 V common DC bus
2 kW DC load
Battery charging and discharging operation
Variable irradiance simulation
Variable wind-speed operation
Complete implementation in MATLAB Simulink
𝐀𝐝𝐯𝐚𝐧𝐭𝐚𝐠𝐞𝐬 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐒𝐲𝐬𝐭𝐞𝐦
𝐇𝐲𝐛𝐫𝐢𝐝 𝐑𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐰𝐚𝐛𝐥𝐞 𝐏𝐨𝐰𝐞𝐫
Combining PV and wind generation reduces dependence on a single renewable energy source.
𝐄𝐧𝐞𝐫𝐠𝐲 𝐒𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐚𝐠𝐞
The battery compensates for sudden variations in renewable power generation.
𝐌𝐚𝐱𝐢𝐦𝐮𝐦 𝐏𝐨𝐰𝐞𝐫 𝐄𝐱𝐭𝐫𝐚𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧
Separate P&O MPPT controllers enable the PV and wind systems to operate close to their maximum available power.
𝐒𝐭𝐚𝐛𝐥𝐞 𝐃𝐂 𝐕𝐨𝐥𝐭𝐚𝐠𝐞
The battery converter regulates the DC bus at approximately 400 V.
𝐁𝐢𝐝𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐚𝐥 𝐏𝐨𝐰𝐞𝐫 𝐅𝐥𝐨𝐰
The battery can both absorb and deliver power according to system requirements.
𝐀𝐩𝐩𝐥𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐬
This type of PV–wind–battery DC microgrid can be studied for:
Renewable-energy-based DC microgrids
Standalone hybrid energy systems
Battery-supported DC distribution
Renewable energy laboratories
DC building power systems
Telecom DC power systems
Remote-area power supply
Hybrid renewable charging infrastructure
Energy management research
MPPT controller analysis
Power electronic converter studies
Battery energy storage research
𝐖𝐡𝐲 𝐔𝐬𝐞 𝐌𝐀𝐓𝐋𝐀𝐁 𝐒𝐢𝐦𝐮𝐥𝐢𝐧𝐤?
MATLAB Simulink allows the complete microgrid to be studied in a single simulation environment.
Users can observe:
Converter switching behavior
PV characteristics
Wind turbine response
PMSG power generation
MPPT performance
Battery current direction
Battery charging/discharging
DC-bus voltage regulation
Renewable generation variations
Power balance between sources and load
This makes the model useful for students, researchers, and engineers working in renewable energy, microgrids, power electronics, and energy storage.
𝐂𝐨𝐧𝐜𝐥𝐮𝐬𝐢𝐨𝐧
The PV–Wind–Battery-Based DC Microgrid System Using MATLAB Simulink demonstrates the coordinated operation of solar PV generation, wind generation, battery energy storage, and a DC load through a common 400 V DC bus.
The PV and wind subsystems use P&O MPPT controllers with boost converters to extract the available renewable power. The wind system uses a PMSG and rectifier, while the PV array is connected directly through its controlled DC–DC boost stage.
A 240 V, 40 Ah battery connected through a bidirectional DC–DC converter provides the required energy balance. When renewable generation is high, the battery can absorb excess energy. When renewable generation decreases, it discharges to support the 2 kW DC load.
The simulation results show variations in PV power, wind power, battery current, DC-load power, and DC-link voltage under changing irradiance and wind conditions. Overall, the model provides a clear platform for understanding hybrid renewable DC microgrids, MPPT control, battery energy management, and DC-bus voltage regulation.
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