Multi Port Converter for Integration of PV Wind Battery Super Capacitor

Multi Port Converter for Integration of PV Wind Battery Super Capacitor

𝐈𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐨𝐝𝐮𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧

A multi-port converter provides an effective way to integrate multiple energy sources and energy-storage devices into a common DC microgrid.

Multi Port Converter for Integration of PV Wind Battery Super Capacitor

Multi-Port Converter for Integration of PV Wind Battery Super Capacitor

₹10,000.00₹5,000.00

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In this MATLAB/Simulink model, the converter integrates:

• ☀️ Solar PV source

• 🌬️ Wind energy conversion system

• 🔋 Battery energy storage

• ⚡ Supercapacitor

• 🔌 DC load

• 🎛️ MPPT-based converter control

The main advantage of the system is its ability to operate under different combinations of renewable generation and energy storage while continuously supplying the DC load.

𝐒𝐲𝐬𝐭𝐞𝐦 𝐎𝐯𝐞𝐫𝐯𝐢𝐞𝐰

The developed converter contains three input ports and one output port.

Port / Element	Function
Solar PV	Renewable DC power source
Wind energy system	Renewable energy input
Battery	Long-duration energy support
Supercapacitor	Fast transient power support
DC load	Receives power from available sources
Multi-port converter	Coordinates energy transfer among all ports

The converter uses controlled switching devices to manage the power flow from the different sources.

Main converter switches

• S1 and S2 are associated with the PV-side converter operation.

• The PV switching signals are generated according to the PV MPPT controller.

• Another converter switch is controlled according to the wind-side MPPT controller.

• Switching pulses are generated from the corresponding duty-cycle commands.

𝐌𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐒𝐲𝐬𝐭𝐞𝐦 𝐏𝐚𝐫𝐚𝐦𝐞𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐬

Solar PV parameters

Parameter	Value
PV panel rated power	48.16 W
Voltage at maximum power point	17.2 V
Current at maximum power point	2.8 A
PV operating voltage mentioned in the model	50 V
Maximum current considered	3 A

The PV voltage and current are continuously measured and supplied to the MPPT controller.

Battery parameters

Parameter	Value
Battery type	Lithium-ion
Nominal voltage	36 V
Rated capacity	32 as stated in the model description

The battery supplies the load whenever renewable generation is insufficient and can also enter charging operation when excess renewable power is available.

Supercapacitor parameters

Parameter	Value
Capacitance value stated	9.6
Rated voltage stated	40 V
Initial voltage	36 V

The supercapacitor is mainly useful during rapid changes in load or renewable power because it can respond much faster than the battery.

DC load configuration

The simulation includes a 50 Ω DC resistive load along with an additional switchable 50 Ω load.

Simulation Interval	Additional Load Status
0–2 s	Disconnected
2–4 s	Connected
4–6 s	Disconnected
After 6 s	Connected again

This changing load condition is useful for observing how the battery and supercapacitor respond to sudden variations in power demand.

𝐌𝐏𝐏𝐓 𝐂𝐨𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐨𝐥

Two renewable-energy control paths are included.

☀️ PV-side MPPT

The controller receives:

• PV voltage

• PV current

The MPPT stage determines the required operating command for the PV-side converter.

The generated duty cycle is processed by the pulse-generation stage and supplied to the corresponding switches.

🌬️ Wind-side MPPT

The wind energy conversion system also measures:

• Wind-side voltage

• Wind-side current

These signals are processed by an MPPT controller, which generates the converter duty cycle and switching pulses required to extract available wind power.

𝐌𝐮𝐥𝐭𝐢-𝐏𝐨𝐫𝐭 𝐂𝐨𝐧𝐯𝐞𝐫𝐭𝐞𝐫 𝐎𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐌𝐨𝐝𝐞𝐬

One of the important features of this model is its ability to operate with different combinations of sources.

Mode	PV	Wind	Battery	Supercapacitor	Load
Mode 1	OFF	OFF	Active	Active	Connected
Mode 2	Active	OFF	Active	Active	Connected
Mode 3	OFF	Active	Active	Active	Connected
Mode 4	Active	Active	Active	Active	Connected

These operating modes demonstrate how the same converter can manage different renewable-energy availability conditions.

𝐌𝐨𝐝𝐞 𝟏: 𝐁𝐚𝐭𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐲–𝐒𝐮𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐜𝐚𝐩𝐚𝐜𝐢𝐭𝐨𝐫 𝐎𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧

In the first operating condition:

• PV irradiance is set to zero.

• Wind-source current injection is set to zero.

• The load receives power only from the battery and supercapacitor.

The load is also changed periodically to study the transient response.

When the load is added

At approximately 2 seconds:

• Load demand increases.

• The supercapacitor immediately supplies transient power.

• A noticeable supercapacitor current response appears.

• After the transient period, the battery supplies a larger portion of the required power.

When the load is disconnected

At approximately 4 seconds:

• Load power demand decreases.

• The supercapacitor enters charging operation for a short period.

• Its current gradually returns toward zero.

• Battery discharge current decreases.

When the load is added again

At approximately 6 seconds:

• The supercapacitor responds quickly to the increased demand.

• A transient current spike is observed.

• The battery subsequently supplies the sustained load power.

Main observation

The supercapacitor handles rapid power variations, while the battery supplies the longer-duration energy requirement.

𝐌𝐨𝐝𝐞 𝟐: 𝐏𝐕–𝐁𝐚𝐭𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐲–𝐒𝐮𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐜𝐚𝐩𝐚𝐜𝐢𝐭𝐨𝐫 𝐎𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧

In this operating mode:

• Wind contribution is removed.

• PV generation is enabled.

• Battery and supercapacitor remain connected.

• The DC load is maintained.

PV irradiance is varied during the simulation to test the response of the converter.

Response to irradiance reduction

When solar irradiance decreases:

• PV current decreases.

• Available PV power decreases.

• The supercapacitor temporarily provides additional power.

• Battery discharge contribution increases.

• A small transient variation may appear in the DC-load voltage.

At around 4 seconds, an irradiance level of approximately 600 W/m² is discussed in the simulation.

Main observation

The energy-storage devices compensate for changes in PV generation and help maintain the load power when solar energy decreases.

𝐌𝐨𝐝𝐞 𝟑: 𝐖𝐢𝐧𝐝–𝐁𝐚𝐭𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐲–𝐒𝐮𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐜𝐚𝐩𝐚𝐜𝐢𝐭𝐨𝐫 𝐎𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧

For this case:

• PV generation is set to zero.

• The wind energy conversion system is enabled.

• Battery and supercapacitor remain connected.

• Wind current contribution is gradually increased.

Wind current reference

Operating Period	Wind Current Reference
Initial condition	0 A
Next level	1 A
Next level	2 A
Higher level mentioned	3 A

The current reference is changed approximately every 2 seconds.

From 0 to 2 seconds

There is no wind contribution.

Therefore:

• Battery supplies the load.

• Supercapacitor assists during transient conditions.

At approximately 2 seconds

Wind current increases to around 1 A.

As a result:

• Wind generation begins supplying the DC load.

• Supercapacitor enters charging operation temporarily.

• Battery discharge current decreases significantly.

At approximately 4 seconds

Wind current increases from around 1 A to 2 A.

This additional renewable power causes:

• Increased wind power contribution.

• Supercapacitor charging for a short duration.

• Battery transition toward charging operation.

• Wind power supplying both the load and energy-storage devices.

Main observation

As wind power increases, battery discharge requirement decreases. With sufficient wind power, the battery and supercapacitor can receive charging power.

𝐌𝐨𝐝𝐞 𝟒: 𝐏𝐕–𝐖𝐢𝐧𝐝–𝐁𝐚𝐭𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐲–𝐒𝐮𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐜𝐚𝐩𝐚𝐜𝐢𝐭𝐨𝐫 𝐎𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧

This is the complete multi-source operating condition.

All major sources and storage devices are connected:

• ☀️ PV system

• 🌬️ Wind energy conversion system

• 🔋 Battery

• ⚡ Supercapacitor

• 🔌 DC load

Several current signals are monitored:

• PV current

• Wind current

• Supercapacitor current

• Battery current

𝐑𝐞𝐬𝐩𝐨𝐧𝐬𝐞 𝐭𝐨 𝐏𝐕 𝐈𝐫𝐫𝐚𝐝𝐢𝐚𝐧𝐜𝐞 𝐂𝐡𝐚𝐧𝐠𝐞

At approximately 3 seconds, the PV irradiance is reduced from:

Parameter	Initial	Final
PV irradiance	1000 W/m²	500 W/m²

Because of the reduction:

• PV current decreases.

• PV power contribution decreases.

• The supercapacitor responds immediately.

• Battery power contribution changes according to the energy imbalance.

• The converter redistributes power among the available ports.

𝐑𝐞𝐬𝐩𝐨𝐧𝐬𝐞 𝐭𝐨 𝐖𝐢𝐧𝐝 𝐏𝐨𝐰𝐞𝐫 𝐈𝐧𝐜𝐫𝐞𝐚𝐬𝐞

At approximately 5 seconds, wind-source current is increased from:

Parameter	Initial	Final
Wind current reference	0 A	2 A

After the wind power increases:

• Wind current rises significantly.

• More renewable power becomes available.

• The supercapacitor briefly enters charging operation.

• The battery enters charging operation.

• PV and wind together supply the load.

• Excess renewable power can be used to charge the storage devices.

𝐖𝐨𝐫𝐤𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐏𝐫𝐨𝐜𝐞𝐬𝐬

The overall power-management process can be summarized as:

1. PV and wind power are continuously monitored.

2. MPPT controllers determine the appropriate converter switching commands.

3. Renewable sources supply the DC load whenever sufficient power is available.

4. The battery compensates for longer-duration power deficits.

5. The supercapacitor responds rapidly during sudden power variations.

6. Excess PV or wind power can charge the battery and supercapacitor.

7. The converter automatically redistributes power when irradiance, wind power, or load demand changes.

𝐁𝐚𝐭𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐲 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐒𝐮𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐜𝐚𝐩𝐚𝐜𝐢𝐭𝐨𝐫 𝐏𝐨𝐰𝐞𝐫 𝐒𝐡𝐚𝐫𝐢𝐧𝐠

The battery and supercapacitor perform different but complementary roles.

Device	Main Role
Battery	Provides sustained energy during renewable-power shortages
Supercapacitor	Handles rapid and short-duration power changes
Battery during excess generation	Charging
Supercapacitor during sudden load increase	Fast discharge
Supercapacitor during sudden power surplus	Fast charging
Battery after transient settles	Handles steady-state power balance

This hybrid storage combination improves the dynamic performance of the DC microgrid.

𝐒𝐢𝐦𝐮𝐥𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐑𝐞𝐬𝐮𝐥𝐭𝐬

The MATLAB/Simulink responses demonstrate the expected energy-sharing behavior.

Under load increase

• Supercapacitor responds immediately.

• Battery gradually takes over the sustained power requirement.

• DC load continues receiving power.

Under load reduction

• Excess energy briefly charges the supercapacitor.

• Battery discharge current decreases.

Under reduced PV irradiance

• PV current decreases.

• Battery contribution increases as required.

• Supercapacitor compensates for the transient power difference.

Under increasing wind power

• Battery discharge decreases.

• With sufficient wind energy, battery charging begins.

• Supercapacitor also absorbs temporary excess power.

With PV and wind operating together

• Renewable sources share the load demand.

• Energy-storage stress is reduced.

• Excess renewable energy is available for charging.

• Power flow dynamically changes according to generation and load conditions.

𝐊𝐞𝐲 𝐅𝐞𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞𝐬

• ✅ Three-input, one-output multi-port converter architecture

• ✅ Integration of PV, wind, battery and supercapacitor

• ✅ Suitable for DC microgrid applications

• ✅ Independent MPPT control for renewable sources

• ✅ Dynamic power sharing among multiple ports

• ✅ Battery charging and discharging operation

• ✅ Supercapacitor charging and discharging operation

• ✅ Fast response during load variations

• ✅ Operation with or without PV generation

• ✅ Operation with or without wind generation

• ✅ Renewable power variation analysis

• ✅ Variable DC-load analysis

• ✅ MATLAB/Simulink-based implementation

𝐀𝐝𝐯𝐚𝐧𝐭𝐚𝐠𝐞𝐬 𝐨𝐟 𝐌𝐮𝐥𝐭𝐢-𝐏𝐨𝐫𝐭 𝐂𝐨𝐧𝐯𝐞𝐫𝐭𝐞𝐫

Compared with individually managing each source, the multi-port structure provides a common platform for energy exchange.

Key advantages include:

• Multiple energy-source integration

• Reduced dependence on a single energy source

• Flexible renewable-energy utilization

• Better transient power management

• Effective battery–supercapacitor coordination

• Improved utilization of PV and wind energy

• Bidirectional energy exchange with storage elements

• Flexible operation under changing environmental conditions

𝐀𝐩𝐩𝐥𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐬

The proposed multi-port converter concept is useful in:

• DC microgrids

• Hybrid renewable-energy systems

• PV–wind hybrid power systems

• Battery–supercapacitor hybrid storage

• Renewable DC power distribution

• Standalone energy systems

• Smart energy-management systems

• Hybrid power converter research

• Renewable energy laboratories

• MATLAB/Simulink power-electronics studies

𝐖𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝐂𝐚𝐧 𝐁𝐞 𝐋𝐞𝐚𝐫𝐧𝐞𝐝 𝐟𝐫𝐨𝐦 𝐓𝐡𝐢𝐬 𝐒𝐢𝐦𝐮𝐥𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧?

This model helps students, researchers, and engineers understand:

• How a multi-port converter integrates different sources

• How PV MPPT controls renewable power extraction

• How wind-side MPPT controls wind energy conversion

• How batteries support sustained load demand

• How supercapacitors handle fast power transients

• How variable irradiance affects PV output

• How changing wind power affects battery charging

• How load switching affects energy-storage currents

• How different operating modes can be implemented in one converter

• How hybrid renewable energy can be managed in a DC microgrid

𝐂𝐨𝐧𝐜𝐥𝐮𝐬𝐢𝐨𝐧

The Multi Port Converter for Integration of PV Wind Battery Super Capacitor demonstrates a flexible method for connecting multiple renewable and storage sources within a DC microgrid.

The simulation shows that the system can operate under four different source combinations, allowing the load to be supplied by the battery and supercapacitor alone, by PV with storage, by wind with storage, or by all energy sources simultaneously.

The battery provides sustained energy support, while the supercapacitor manages rapid power fluctuations. When renewable generation increases, the storage devices can enter charging mode. When PV or wind power decreases, the battery and supercapacitor compensate for the power deficit.

Overall, the MATLAB/Simulink model clearly demonstrates multi-source integration, MPPT-based renewable-energy extraction, hybrid energy-storage coordination, dynamic load response, and power-flow management for DC microgrid applications.