MATLAB Simulation of Hybrid AC–DC Microgrid Coordinated Control of PV Wind Battery and Grid System
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Hybrid AC–DC Microgrid Coordinated Control of PV Wind Battery and Grid System
𝐈𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐨𝐝𝐮𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧
The Hybrid AC–DC Microgrid Coordinated Control of PV Wind Battery and Grid System demonstrates the integration of renewable energy sources, battery storage, AC/DC loads, and the utility grid in a MATLAB/Simulink environment.
The system combines:
Solar PV generation
DFIG-based wind energy generation
Battery energy storage
DC microgrid
AC microgrid
Bidirectional power conversion
Utility grid connection
AC and DC loads
Coordinated power management
The main objective is to maintain reliable power delivery while allowing energy to flow between the AC microgrid and DC microgrid according to renewable generation and operating conditions.
𝐒𝐲𝐬𝐭𝐞𝐦 𝐎𝐯𝐞𝐫𝐯𝐢𝐞𝐰
The complete architecture is divided into two major sections.
𝐃𝐂 𝐌𝐢𝐜𝐫𝐨𝐠𝐫𝐢𝐝
The DC section consists of:
Solar PV array
Boost converter
DC bus
15 kW DC load
Battery energy storage system
Bidirectional DC–DC converter
The PV array supplies renewable power to the DC network, while the battery compensates for variations in solar generation.
𝐀𝐂 𝐌𝐢𝐜𝐫𝐨𝐠𝐫𝐢𝐝
The AC section contains:
Utility grid
DFIG wind energy conversion system
Two AC loads
Grid-connected inverter
Harmonic filter
Transformer
The AC and DC networks are interconnected through a bidirectional voltage-source converter, enabling controlled energy exchange between both microgrids.
𝐌𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐒𝐲𝐬𝐭𝐞𝐦 𝐏𝐚𝐫𝐚𝐦𝐞𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐬
Parameter | Value |
Battery nominal voltage | 300 V |
Battery rated capacity | 400 Ah |
Initial battery SOC | 71% |
DC load power | 15 kW |
DC bus reference voltage | 470 V |
AC Load 1 | 17.5 kW |
AC Load 2 | 12.5 kW |
Wind turbine rating | 45 kW |
Approx. generator rating | 50 kW |
Initial wind speed | 12 m/s |
Wind speed after 10 s | 9 m/s |
Simulation duration | 20 s |
𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐚𝐫 𝐏𝐕 𝐒𝐲𝐬𝐭𝐞𝐦
The solar PV system uses a large PV array connected to the grid through a double-stage conversion system.
The two conversion stages are:
Boost converter
Three-level grid-connected inverter
The boost converter extracts the required PV power and regulates the PV-side operating condition, while the inverter transfers power between the DC and AC networks.
𝐏𝐕 𝐀𝐫𝐫𝐚𝐲 𝐂𝐨𝐧𝐟𝐢𝐠𝐮𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧
PV Parameter | Value |
Modules in series | 10 |
Parallel strings | 15 |
Rated power per module | 228 W |
Voltage at maximum power | 29.9 V |
Current at maximum power | 7.65 A |
Open-circuit voltage | 37.1 V |
Short-circuit current | 8.18 A |
Approx. maximum array power | 34 kW |
𝐏𝐕 𝐏𝐨𝐰𝐞𝐫 𝐔𝐧𝐝𝐞𝐫 𝐃𝐢𝐟𝐟𝐞𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐈𝐫𝐫𝐚𝐝𝐢𝐚𝐧𝐜𝐞
The PV output changes significantly with solar irradiation.
Irradiance | Approx. Maximum Power | Approx. PV Voltage |
1000 W/m² | 34 kW | 299 V |
500 W/m² | 17 kW | 300.5 V |
100 W/m² | 3.3 kW | Around 287–289 V |
This varying PV generation is one of the main reasons battery coordination is required.
𝐈𝐫𝐫𝐚𝐝𝐢𝐚𝐧𝐜𝐞 𝐏𝐫𝐨𝐟𝐢𝐥𝐞
To evaluate the dynamic behavior of the microgrid, solar irradiation is changed every 2 seconds.
Time | Irradiance |
0–2 s | 1000 W/m² |
2–4 s | 800 W/m² |
4–6 s | 600 W/m² |
6–8 s | 400 W/m² |
8–10 s | 200 W/m² |
10–12 s | 0 W/m² |
12–14 s | 200 W/m² |
14–16 s | 400 W/m² |
16–18 s | 600 W/m² |
18–20 s | 800 W/m² |
End condition | 1000 W/m² |
This profile makes it possible to observe how the battery responds when PV generation decreases and subsequently increases.
𝐖𝐢𝐧𝐝 𝐄𝐧𝐞𝐫𝐠𝐲 𝐒𝐲𝐬𝐭𝐞𝐦
The AC microgrid includes a DFIG-based wind energy conversion system.
Key specifications include:
Wind turbine rated power: 45 kW
Generator rating: approximately 50 kW
Initial wind speed: 12 m/s
Wind speed after 10 seconds: 9 m/s
The change in wind speed introduces another renewable-power variation into the microgrid.
Wind Power Behaviour
From 0–10 seconds, the wind speed remains at 12 m/s.
The wind system initially generates approximately 40 kW.
After 10 seconds, wind speed decreases to 9 m/s.
Wind-generator output therefore decreases.
The amount of excess renewable power delivered toward the utility grid also reduces.
𝐁𝐚𝐭𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐲 𝐄𝐧𝐞𝐫𝐠𝐲 𝐒𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐚𝐠𝐞
The battery plays an important role in coordinating renewable generation and load demand.
Battery specifications
Nominal voltage: 300 V
Rated capacity: 400 Ah
Initial SOC: 71%
Connected through a bidirectional DC–DC converter
The battery can operate in both:
Charging mode
Discharging mode
Its operating condition changes mainly according to solar PV generation and microgrid power requirements.
𝐖𝐨𝐫𝐤𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐏𝐫𝐨𝐜𝐞𝐬𝐬
The coordinated operation can be understood in a few steps:
The PV array generates DC power according to irradiation.
A boost converter interfaces the PV array with the DC system.
The battery charges or discharges according to available renewable power.
The DC load receives approximately 15 kW.
A bidirectional converter regulates the 470 V DC bus.
The PV grid inverter connects the renewable DC system to the AC network.
The DFIG wind generator supplies power to the AC microgrid.
Two AC loads consume power continuously.
Surplus energy can be transferred toward the utility grid.
When renewable generation decreases, battery and grid interaction helps maintain the load supply.
𝐂𝐨𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐨𝐥 𝐒𝐭𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐠𝐲
Several control techniques are combined within the system.
𝐏&𝐎 𝐌𝐏𝐏𝐓 𝐂𝐨𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐨𝐥
The boost converter is controlled using the Perturb and Observe MPPT technique.
The controller:
Measures PV voltage
Measures PV current
Tracks the maximum available PV power
Produces the required reference signal
Regulates boost-converter switching
The objective is to extract maximum available energy from the PV array as irradiation changes.
𝐃𝐐 𝐂𝐮𝐫𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐂𝐨𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐨𝐥
The three-level grid-connected inverter uses a DQ-frame current control method.
The control process includes:
Measuring inverter output voltage
Measuring inverter output current
Transforming three-phase quantities into the DQ reference frame
Comparing current with its reference
Processing the error through current regulators
Generating modulation signals
Producing inverter switching pulses
This enables controlled interaction between the PV/DC system and the AC microgrid.
𝐒𝐎𝐂-𝐁𝐚𝐬𝐞𝐝 𝐏𝐨𝐰𝐞𝐫 𝐄𝐱𝐜𝐡𝐚𝐧𝐠𝐞
Battery SOC is used to determine the required grid-current reference.
Battery SOC Condition | Control Action |
SOC < 30% | Power can be taken from the grid |
SOC > 70% | Power can be delivered toward the grid |
This logic helps protect battery energy while coordinating grid interaction.
𝐃𝐂 𝐁𝐮𝐬 𝐕𝐨𝐥𝐭𝐚𝐠𝐞 𝐂𝐨𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐨𝐥
A major requirement of the DC microgrid is maintaining a stable DC bus.
The reference is fixed at:
470 V
The bidirectional converter controller:
Measures DC-link voltage
Compares it with the 470 V reference
Processes the voltage error through a PI controller
Generates the required PWM command
Controls battery charging or discharging
Maintains DC-bus stability
A well-regulated DC bus is essential for reliable operation of the DC load and the AC/DC interlinking converter.
𝐂𝐨𝐨𝐫𝐝𝐢𝐧𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐝 𝐏𝐕–𝐁𝐚𝐭𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐲 𝐎𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧
One of the most important characteristics of this simulation is the coordinated response between the PV array and battery.
During high solar irradiation
PV generation is high.
PV power reaches approximately 33–34 kW.
Load requirements can be supplied from PV generation.
Surplus PV power can charge the battery.
Additional renewable energy can participate in AC-side power exchange.
As irradiation decreases
PV generation gradually reduces.
Available surplus power becomes smaller.
Battery charging current decreases.
The battery transitions toward discharge operation.
Stored battery energy supports the DC and AC systems.
When irradiation increases again
PV generation recovers.
Battery discharge requirement reduces.
The battery can return toward charging operation.
Power balance across the hybrid microgrid improves.
𝐀𝐂 𝐋𝐨𝐚𝐝 𝐎𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧
Two AC loads are included.
Load | Rated Power |
AC Load 1 | 17.5 kW |
AC Load 2 | 12.5 kW |
Total AC load | 30 kW |
Despite changes in PV irradiation and wind speed, the coordinated system is designed to maintain continuous load supply.
𝐃𝐂 𝐋𝐨𝐚𝐝 𝐎𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧
The DC load is a resistive load with a rated active power of:
15 kW
The simulation monitors:
Bidirectional-converter duty cycle
DC-link voltage
DC-load current
DC-load power
The results show that the DC-load power remains close to 15 kW while the DC-link voltage is maintained near 470 V.
𝐒𝐢𝐦𝐮𝐥𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐑𝐞𝐬𝐮𝐥𝐭𝐬
𝐆𝐫𝐢𝐝 𝐏𝐨𝐰𝐞𝐫
During the first 10 seconds:
Wind speed remains at 12 m/s.
Wind generation is relatively high.
PV generation also contributes significant power.
Grid power appears negative according to the adopted sign convention.
This indicates power transfer toward the utility grid.
After 10 seconds:
Wind speed decreases from 12 m/s to 9 m/s.
Wind output falls.
Less surplus renewable energy is available.
Grid power consequently moves closer to zero.
This demonstrates the direct influence of wind-energy variation on utility-grid power exchange.
𝐏𝐕 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐁𝐚𝐭𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐲 𝐏𝐨𝐰𝐞𝐫
The PV and battery power waveforms clearly illustrate coordinated energy management.
Initial period
At high irradiation:
PV power is approximately 33 kW.
Renewable generation is high.
The battery operates predominantly in charging mode.
Reduced irradiation
As irradiation is reduced from:
1000 → 800 → 600 → 400 → 200 → 0 W/m²
PV power continuously decreases.
Battery charging reduces.
Battery operation shifts toward discharge.
Stored energy compensates for the loss of PV generation.
Increasing irradiation
As irradiation rises again:
0 → 200 → 400 → 600 → 800 → 1000 W/m²
PV power increases.
Battery discharge requirement decreases.
The battery can transition back toward charging.
𝐁𝐚𝐭𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐲 𝐂𝐮𝐫𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐒𝐎𝐂
Battery current closely follows changes in PV generation.
The observed behavior includes:
Initial battery charging
Transition toward discharge as irradiation decreases
Increasing discharge support during low PV generation
Reduced discharge as PV generation recovers
Return toward charging when sufficient renewable energy becomes available
The battery SOC gradually decreases during periods where the battery supplies net energy to the microgrid.
𝐃𝐂 𝐋𝐢𝐧𝐤 𝐑𝐞𝐬𝐩𝐨𝐧𝐬𝐞
The DC-side simulation demonstrates effective voltage regulation.
Key observations are:
DC-link voltage settles close to 470 V
The converter duty cycle adjusts according to operating conditions
DC-load current remains controlled
DC-load power stays near 15 kW
Renewable-power fluctuations do not cause major loss of DC-bus regulation
This verifies the operation of the bidirectional DC–DC converter and its PI-based voltage controller.
𝐖𝐢𝐧𝐝 𝐏𝐨𝐰𝐞𝐫 𝐑𝐞𝐬𝐩𝐨𝐧𝐬𝐞
The wind-generation waveform demonstrates the impact of wind-speed variation.
Operating Period | Wind Speed | Response |
0–10 s | 12 m/s | Higher wind generation |
After 10 s | 9 m/s | Wind power decreases |
The reduction in wind generation directly reduces the amount of excess power available for transfer to the utility grid.
𝐒𝐮𝐦𝐦𝐚𝐫𝐲 𝐨𝐟 𝐂𝐨𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐨𝐥 𝐌𝐞𝐭𝐡𝐨𝐝𝐬
System | Control Method | Main Purpose |
Solar PV boost converter | P&O MPPT | Maximum PV power extraction |
Grid-connected inverter | DQ control | Controlled AC-grid power exchange |
Battery converter | PI voltage control | DC-link voltage regulation |
Battery/grid coordination | SOC-based logic | Charging, discharging and grid interaction |
DC–AC interface | Bidirectional conversion | Power exchange between AC and DC microgrids |
𝐊𝐞𝐲 𝐅𝐞𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞𝐬
Integrated AC and DC microgrid architecture
Solar PV and wind renewable-energy integration
34 kW-class solar PV array
DFIG-based wind generation
300 V, 400 Ah battery storage
Bidirectional battery converter
470 V regulated DC bus
Three-level grid-connected inverter
P&O MPPT for solar PV
DQ-frame inverter control
SOC-based grid-power management
Dynamic solar-irradiance testing
Dynamic wind-speed testing
Continuous AC and DC load supply
Battery charging and discharging coordination
Utility-grid power exchange
MATLAB/Simulink-based implementation
𝐀𝐩𝐩𝐥𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐬
This hybrid AC–DC microgrid concept is useful for studying:
Renewable-energy integration
Smart microgrids
Battery energy management
Hybrid power systems
Distributed energy resources
Grid-connected renewable systems
AC/DC power-flow coordination
Bidirectional power converters
Microgrid energy-management strategies
Solar and wind power coordination
DC-bus voltage regulation
Battery charging and discharging control
Grid-support operation
MATLAB/Simulink power-system studies
𝐖𝐡𝐲 𝐔𝐬𝐞 𝐚 𝐇𝐲𝐛𝐫𝐢𝐝 𝐀𝐂–𝐃𝐂 𝐌𝐢𝐜𝐫𝐨𝐠𝐫𝐢𝐝?
A hybrid configuration combines the advantages of both AC and DC distribution.
DC sources and loads can be connected efficiently to the DC bus, while conventional AC equipment, wind generation, and the utility network can operate through the AC microgrid.
The bidirectional interlinking converter allows both sections to support each other according to:
Renewable generation
Battery SOC
AC load demand
DC load demand
Wind conditions
Solar irradiation
Grid operating requirements
This makes the architecture suitable for studying modern renewable-rich electrical networks.
𝐂𝐨𝐧𝐜𝐥𝐮𝐬𝐢𝐨𝐧
The Hybrid AC–DC Microgrid Coordinated Control of PV Wind Battery and Grid System demonstrates coordinated operation of solar PV, DFIG wind generation, battery storage, AC loads, DC loads, and the utility grid.
The MATLAB/Simulink results highlight that:
The DC bus remains regulated near 470 V.
The 15 kW DC load continues receiving the required power.
Battery charging and discharging respond to PV-power variation.
PV generation changes according to the applied irradiation profile.
Wind output decreases when wind speed falls from 12 m/s to 9 m/s.
Grid power changes according to available renewable generation.
Coordinated control maintains power balance between the AC and DC microgrids.
Overall, the model provides a clear platform for understanding hybrid microgrid power flow, renewable-energy coordination, battery management, MPPT operation, bidirectional conversion, and grid interaction.
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