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Grid-Connected Solar PV & Battery Energy Storage System Using ANFIS-Based MPPT

🔧 System Overview

The proposed system consists of the following major components:

  • ☀️ Solar PV Array

  • ⚙️ DC–DC Boost Converter with ANFIS-MPPT

  • 🔋 Battery Energy Storage System with Bidirectional Converter

  • 🔄 Single-Phase Inverter with Grid Synchronization

  • 🌐 Utility Grid and AC Load

This architecture enables maximum power extraction, DC-bus voltage regulation, and bidirectional power flow between PV, battery, load, and grid.

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☀️ Solar PV Array Configuration

  • 🔹 PV Module Rating: 250 W

  • 🔹 Configuration: 4 modules in series, single string

  • 🔹 Maximum Power Point (MPP):

    • Voltage (V<sub>mp</sub>): 30.7 V (per module)

    • Current (I<sub>mp</sub>): 8.15 A

📈 I–V and P–V Characteristics were analyzed under varying irradiance levels:

  • 1000 W/m² → ~1000 W

  • 800 W/m² → ~800 W

  • 600 W/m² → ~600 W

  • 400 W/m² → ~396 W

The PV array operates around 121.6 V, which is fed into the DC-link via a boost converter.

🧠 ANFIS-Based MPPT Controller

To ensure fast and accurate tracking of the MPP, an ANFIS (Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System) is used.

🔍 Training Data Generation

  • 📥 Inputs: Solar Irradiance & Temperature

  • 📤 Output: Reference MPP Voltage (V<sub>mp</sub>)

  • 🗂️ Dataset Size: 1000 samples

⚙️ ANFIS Design Details

  • 🔺 Membership Function: Triangular

  • 🔢 Number of MFs: 5 for each input

  • 🧪 Training Error: ~ 1.007 × 10⁻⁶

🔵 Training vs Testing Results show excellent overlap between predicted and target values, confirming accurate MPPT performance.

📁 The trained .FIS file is exported and integrated into the Simulink model to generate the boost converter duty cycle.

⚡ DC–DC Boost Converter & DC Bus

  • 📌 PV Voltage: ~120 V

  • 📌 DC Bus Voltage: Regulated at 220 V

The boost converter, controlled by ANFIS-MPPT, ensures:

  • 🔋 Maximum power extraction from PV

  • ⚡ Voltage boosting to the DC bus

🔋 Battery Energy Storage System (BESS)

  • 🔋 Battery Rating: 48 V

  • 🔋 Initial SOC: 45%

🔄 Bidirectional Converter Operation

  • ➕ Charging Mode: During excess PV generation

  • ➖ Discharging Mode: During low irradiance or high load demand

🧮 Voltage Control Strategy:

  • DC-bus voltage compared with reference

  • Error processed via PI controller

  • PWM pulses control upper and lower IGBTs

This ensures DC-bus voltage stability and power balance in all operating conditions.

🔌 Inverter & Grid Synchronization

  • 🔹 Grid Rating: 110 V RMS, 50 Hz

  • 🔹 Filter: LC filter for harmonic reduction

🔄 Control Strategy

  • 🔁 PLL generates synchronized sine & cosine signals

  • 📐 α–β Transformation for current control

  • 🎯 PI controllers regulate inverter current

  • 🔲 PWM generator produces gate pulses for inverter switches

The inverter injects controlled current into the grid while supplying the AC load.

📊 Simulation Results & Performance

🔁 Irradiance Change:

  • From 1000 W/m² → 500 W/m² at 0.3 s

Observations:

  • 📉 PV power decreases with irradiance

  • 🔋 Battery switches from charging to discharging

  • ⚡ DC bus voltage remains stable at ~220 V

  • 🔌 Inverter supplies ~3 A to the grid/load continuously

✔️ The system maintains power balance, voltage stability, and grid support under dynamic conditions.

✅ Conclusion

🎯 This simulation demonstrates an efficient grid-connected Solar PV–Battery system using ANFIS-based MPPT, ensuring:

  • Fast and accurate maximum power tracking

  • Stable DC-bus voltage

  • Seamless bidirectional battery operation

  • Smooth grid-connected inverter control

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