PV–Fuel Cell–Battery Based DC Microgrid Simulation in MATLAB
 
This MATLAB/Simulink model presents a hybrid DC microgrid integrating solar PV panels, a proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC), and a battery energy storage system (BESS). The design ensures a stable DC bus voltage, seamless power sharing, and efficient operation under varying load and environmental conditions.
🔧 System Specifications
⚡ Common DC Bus
Nominal Voltage: 400 V (regulated)
Voltage Control: PI controller compares DC bus voltage with reference (400 V)
Function: Maintains constant bus voltage for all connected sources and loads
☀️ Photovoltaic (PV) System
Configuration: 8 modules in series, 1 string
Module Rating: 250 W each
Vmpp (per module): 30.7 V
Impp (per module): 8.15 A
Total Output Power (STC): ~2 kW @ 1000 W/m², 25 °C
Array Voltage: ~245 V
Converter: Boost converter (245 V → 400 V)
Control: Incremental Conductance (INC-MPPT) algorithm for maximum power tracking
🔋 Battery Energy Storage System (BESS)
Rated Voltage: 240 V
Capacity: 48 Ah
Initial SOC: 50% (user-configurable)
Converter: Bidirectional DC–DC converter
Modes:
Charging: Absorbs excess power when generation > demand
Discharging: Supplies deficit power when generation < demand
🔥 Fuel Cell System (PEMFC)
Normal Operating Power: 4.4 kW
Maximum Power Output: 7 kW
Normal Condition: 20 A @ 220 V
Peak Condition: 35 A @ 200 V
Converter: Boost converter (220 V → 400 V)
Control: PI-based voltage control linked to DC bus regulation
🖥️ Load Parameters
DC Load Power: ~2 kW (constant)
DC Bus Voltage Reference: 400 V
Load Current: ~5 A
📊 Simulation Capabilities
Variation of irradiance (1000 → 500 → 50 W/m²) to study PV response
Control of fuel cell pressure to test operational changes
Real-time monitoring of:
PV: Voltage, Current, Power
Fuel Cell: Voltage, Current, Power
Battery: Voltage, Current, SOC
DC Bus: Voltage stability and load response
Automatic switching between battery charging/discharging modes
Scope outputs for complete system analysis (source currents, load current, SOC, and power balance)