Fuel Cell–Battery–Supercapacitor Powered EV System in MATLAB

This MATLAB/Simulink model demonstrates the integration of a fuel cell, lithium-ion battery, and supercapacitor for powering an electric vehicle. The fuel cell (10.28 kW nominal) supplies the main power through a boost converter, while the battery (48 V, 40 Ah) supports bidirectional energy flow using boost–buck converters for both charging and discharging. A supercapacitor (291.6 V, 15.6 F) is directly connected to the DC link to handle fast power transients and stabilize sudden load variations. An intelligent state machine–based control strategy manages power sharing, DC-link voltage regulation, and battery SoC, ensuring optimal energy management and smooth EV drive cycle operation. Simulation results highlight dynamic power balancing, fuel consumption monitoring, and effective coordination among the three energy sources for improved EV performance.